Chulutsa mavairasi m'chipinda

tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ting'onoting'ono matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana amatchedwa mavairasi. Iwo okhudza maselo ambiri majeremusi.

kufala kwa mavairasi

Onse wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko chifukwa cha matenda ndi tizilombo izi. Iwo amatha bwanji zamoyo zonse, kuphatikizapo mogwirizana. Pafupifupi 80% ya matenda onse opatsirana zimene zimakhudza munthu, amayamba chifukwa cha mavairasi. Pali oposa 10 magulu akuluakulu amene tizilombo kwa chamoyo.

Koma mavairasi sangakhale choopsa kwambiri kwa mbuye wake. Apo ayi, kungachititse kuti mofulumira wathunthu wa mwiniwake chamoyo, choncho lidzawonongedwa, ndi wothandizila causative matenda. Koma mavairasi ofooka kwambiri ndipo sangakhale. Ngati chitetezo cha m'thupi kwambiri kukhala mofulumira gulu lake, iwo sadzaoneka ngati mitundu. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti tizilombo awa ndi khamu umodzi mkati limene akukhala, osati kupereka mavuto atsopano, ndipo zotsatira tizilombo pa nthawi yomweyo ali pa zamoyo zina.

Iwo kuchulukitsa ndi kubalana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti poyamba ankaimba awo zidulo mkati ndi mapuloteni. Ndiyeno analenga zikuluzikulu aziwapatsa mavairasi.

Maonekedwe ndi njira ya virions matenda

Tisanafotokoze kumvetsetsa mmene kachilombo kugawanika akupezeka selo, m'pofunika kumvetsa mmene particles izi kugwa. Mwachitsanzo, pali matenda amene amafalitsidwa yekha anthu. Zikuphatikizapo, chikuku, nsungu, ndi fuluwenza pang'ono. Iwo zimafalitsidwa kwa oyandikana kaya ndi m'malovu airborne.

Enteroviruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses akhoza kulowa m'thupi kudzera chakudya. Matenda, mwachitsanzo, HPV akhoza kukhala mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi munthu (zoweta ndi kugonana). Koma pali njira zina zamatenda. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya rhabdovirus angatengedwe kupyolera nsikidzi tizilombo m'magazi woyamwa.

Wakumana ndi parenteral njira matenda. Mwachitsanzo, matenda a chiwindi B HIV akhoza kulowa m'thupi kudzera njira opaleshoni pochotsedwa mano, magazi, pedicure kapena zozipakapaka.

Musaiwale za kufala ofukula za matenda. Pankhaniyi, matenda a mayi ali woyembekezera mwana wosabadwayo zimakhudzira.

Kufotokozera kachilombo

Kwa nthawi yaitali za wothandizila causative matenda ambiri adzaweruzidwa kokha pamaziko a zotsatira tizilombo pathupi. Onani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda awa asayansi anatembenuka kokha pamene elekitironi maso kupangidwa. Ndiye ife tinapeza mmene chulutsa mavairasi.

Tizilombo timeneti amasiyana kwambiri kukula. Ena a iwo ofanana kukula kwa bakiteriya yaing'ono. Laling'ono pafupi kukula kwa mamolekyulu mapuloteni. Choyezera awo ntchito phindu makonzedwe - nanometer, umene uli wofanana miliyoni imodzi millimeter a. Iwo akhoza kukhala pa 20 mpaka nanometers mazana angapo. Maonekedwe, iwo ofanana ndi timitengo, mipira, cubes, chingwe, polyhedra.

zikuchokera tizilombo

Kumvetsa mmene chulutsa mavairasi amapezeka maselo, m'pofunika kumvetsa zikuchokera awo. Zambiri tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zigwirizana zidulo mkati ndi mapuloteni. Mmene chigawo choyamba ndi chotengera cha uthengawu ku maselo. Iwo amakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa asidi mkati - kumene kungakhale DNA kapena RNA. Kusiyana kumeneku ndi zochokera gulu lawo.

Ngati mavairasi ndi okhudza maselo ambiri zigawo zikuluzikulu za dongosolo amoyo, ndi iwo, iwo ali inert nukleproteinami otchedwa virions. chigawo awo kuvomerezedwa ndi mapuloteni. Koma iwo ndi osiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavairasi. Chifukwa cha ichi iwo sangathe kuzindikira mothandizidwa ndi mayankho omveka m'thupi.

Asayansi apeza osati mavairasi ophweka, komanso dongosolo zovuta zambiri za chamoyo. zikuchokera awo akhoza mulinso lipids, chakudya. Gulu lililonse la mavairasi ali zikuchokera wapadera wa mafuta, mapuloteni, chakudya, zidulo mkati. Ena ngakhale michere.

Chiyambi cha ndondomeko ya kubalana

Mavairasi amaonedwa kukhala majeremusi mtheradi. Iwo sangakhoze kupulumuka akapanda zoipa. zochita zawo pathological zachokera chakuti, ndi kuswana, iwo kupha maselo, zimene zimapezeka.

Tikamvetsa mmene ndondomeko zimenezi zingakhale, ngati tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mmene bakiteriya akulowa muchipindachi, ndipo kuti zikadzatha izi. Virions mukhoza kulingalira ngati tinthu ongokhala DNA (kapena RNA) akachita mu mapuloteni m'chimake. Virus kubalana limayamba pokhapokha bakiteriya ndi zaikidwa pakhoma selo yake plasma Kakhungu. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti aliyense virion akhoza Ufumuyo mitundu ina ya maselo, amene zolandilira yeniyeni. Mu khola limodzi akhoza kumakhalamo mazana particles HIV.

Kenako, ndondomeko akuyamba viropeksisa. Selo yokha chimakakamiza virions mkati adherent. ndiye yekha akuyamba "anamuvula" wa HIV. Ndi selo m'gulu puloteni zovuta sungunuka mapuloteni malaya a HIV ndi anamasulidwa asidi mkati. Iwo uli pa njira selo kumachitika pakati pake penipeni kapena amakhalabe cytoplasm lapansi. Acid ndi udindo osati chifukwa chulutsa mavairasi, komanso chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo cholowa. Omwe kagayidwe maselo ndi kuponderezedwa, magulu onse anatumiza kulenga zigawo latsopano HIV.

ndondomeko zikuchokera

A asidi mkati mwa HIV integrates mu DNA ya selo. Mkati ayamba kulenga makope angapo a DNA tizilombo (RNA), zachitika mothandizidwa ndi polymerases. Ena mwa particles utangoyamba kumumanga kuti ribosomes Ibid akudutsa kaphatikizidwe mapulotini latsopano tizilombo.

Kamodzi okwanira zigawo tizilombo akhala akukuchitirani, ndondomeko zikuchokera udzayamba. Chitadutsa pafupi ndi maselo makoma. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti zigawo za virions watsopano ndi zopereka. Napereka chulutsa mavairasi.

Monga mbali ya virions utangoyamba angazindikire particles wa maselo imene anali kukhalamo. Kawirikawiri ndondomeko mapangidwe awo umatha kuzindikira kuti iwo anagwidwa ndi wosanjikiza khungu nembanemba.

kuswana akamaliza

Atangomva ndondomeko zikuchokera, ndi mavairasi kusiya Mwini wapachiyambi. Anapanga masamba mbewu n'kuyamba kugwira maselo atsopano. HIV chulutsa chikuchitika mwachindunji ku maselo. Koma iwo ali kumapeto iwo inawonongedwa kapena pang'ono kuonongeka.

Matenda maselo atsopano, mavairasi ayamba kuchulukana mu iwo. kubalana mkombero akubwerezedwa. njira kulengedwa ndi ndondomeko kulowa virions, zimadalira gulu la mavairasi amene zikugwirizanirana. Mwachitsanzo, enteroviruses yodziwika ndi chakuti iwo mofulumira anamasulidwa mu chilengedwe. Koma nsungu wothandizira, reoviruses, orthomyxoviruses apite kukhwima. Musanayambe kufa, iwo adutsa m'zinthu angapo kubalana amenewa. Pankhaniyi, maselo ndi zatha chuma.

matenda a matenda

Wofalitsa wa mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina zina limodzi ndi chakuti particles ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda akhoza kudziunjikira mkati maselo oyera kupanga masango. Akatswiri kuwatcha kulolerana matupi.

Mwachitsanzo, fuluwenza, nthomba kapena matenda a chiwewe masango amenewa akupezeka pa cytoplasm maselo. Pamene masika-chilimwe encephalitis iwo akupezeka phata ndi matenda ena, angakhale apa ndi apo. Mbali imeneyi ntchito oterewa matenda. Nkofunika mu nkhani iyi ndi kumene ikupita tizilombo kugawanika ndondomeko.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati chowulungika kapena nyumba zozungulira ku maselo a epithelium, akuyankhula za nthomba. Tsitoplazmoticheskie kudzikundikira mu maselo a mu ubongo kusonyeza mkwiyo.

HIV kafalitsidwe njira silipita m'mbali. Poyamba, virions kulowa mkati iwo maselo abwino. Ndiye imayamba potulutsa zidulo mkati ndi kupanga "akusowekapo" magawo tsogolo la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. kubalana ndondomeko udzatha kuti anamaliza virions latsopano kuti apite mu chilengedwe. Zokwanira vuto la munthu wa magawo, ku chulutsa mavairasi anaimitsidwa kapena anayamba kubala zosalongosoka mbewu.