Topsoil, kuli inamera zomera herbaceous - maziko a chonde

Topsoil, kwambiri inamera zomera herbaceous mu sayansi nthaka otchedwa kuwaika. Kuchokera chonde ya moyo wa dziko zimadalira kaja. Nzosadabwitsa ngakhale Franklin Delano Roosevelt (makumi atatu wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa United States) ananena kuti anthu kuwononga nthaka, kenako wawononga yokha.

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe nthaka: chifukwa chonde onse osiyana?

Mapangidwe nthaka padziko lapansi amakhala ndi magawo angapo. Poyamba lotengeka kuwonongedwa kwa thanthwe pansi zochita za kusintha kutentha, mphepo ndi madzi. tating'ono ting'ono anapanga marl - ichi ndi mchere chachikulu (khwatsi, feldspar , etc.). Iye anapereka mwayi kukhala organic.

Woyamba osamukira anakhala ndere ndi lichens, tizilombo. luso lawo moyo zikusintha wosanjikiza, izo zimakhala oyenera kukhalako mwa iwo zomera apamwamba. Siteji yotsatira kale amadalira nyengo: zikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri (apamwamba kutentha, kupatula chinyezi, kupanda yaitali chisanu), kosavuta komanso mofulumira ndondomeko linaposa. Ndiko dothi kum'mwera anapanga mofulumira kuposa anthu kumpoto. Pa ndondomeko nthaka-kupanga amakhudza mtunda - otsetsereka zina kuyamwa chinyezi, madzi limayenda pansi, stagnates: pa malo otsetsereka, zigwa nthaka osiyana.

Kufotokoza, tikhoza kunena kuti nthaka kuphimba m'madera osiyana amasiyana kapangidwe - mchenga dothi, mankhwala - kuchokera sod podzolic mmwamba, boma la madzi - kuchokera abwino achilengedwe owonjezera. Mu ake oyera nthaka monga chosowa kwambiri subtypes mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe.

Kodi dzina topsoil?

Nthaka mbiri (mbiri vertically) ali zigawo zingapo, wotchedwa M'maso. Chapamwamba wosanjikiza lachonde nthaka (kaja) amatchedwa manyowa, zimene yotsatira - kusintha, otsiriza - nthaka-n'kupanga.

The makulidwe ndi zikuchokera (chonde) humus kaja zimadalira tsogolo la dziko lapansi. Zilizonse zimakhudza anthu chimawononga chikhalidwe nthaka - zosayenera cholowa njira kulima nthaka kubala mbewu kopitilira muyeso-mkulu wawononga humus wosanjikiza ndi kukokoloka ake. Kupulula mitengo ndi moto pafupipafupi anasintha nkhope ya dziko wobiriwira. Mphepo ndi mvula kumaliza chiwonongeko.

Pa chonde ntchito tizilombo moyo. Mwa ntchito yawo zosoweka: zatsalira mbewu (udzu, udzu, masamba, nthambi, bowa), zotsalira nyama (mphutsi, tizilombo, mabakiteriya yaying'ono-zamoyo). Organic ndi mankhwala mankhwala otchedwa manyowa, zimene ndipo zimapanga humus kaja. Microflora ndi microfauna, ogwira ntchito za maphunziro ndi kubwezeretsa lachonde lotchedwa microbiocenosis.

zigawo chonde m'nthaka

Kuphimbira - wosanjikiza loyamba lachonde.

wosanjikiza umenewu uli pansi pa mapazi athu - masamba ndi nyama mabwinja. Pansi wosanjikiza awo a kafadala moyo, zosiyanasiyana mphutsi, ntchentche, nthata. chiwerengero chawo akhoza kufika matani angapo pa mahekitala. Zonsezi ndi nambala yaikulu zolengedwa ang'ono ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri moyo, amasuntha, kudya, kubereka lililonse zonyansa, kufa pa mapeto. mitembo yawo linakwiriridwa ku mkhalidwe chachikulu. Topsoil, kwambiri inamera zomera herbaceous, amapezeka kokha m'mikhalidwe yabwino.

Vermicompost - wosanjikiza yachiwiri lachonde.

Amakhala ndi moyo zinyalala microflora ndi microfaunal wosanjikiza woyamba amakhalabe okha, mbewu imakhalabe. M'madera ena makulidwe ndi chidwi - 20 masentimita. Vermicompost ndi sing'anga kudzera zomera osati zakudya m'thupi, komanso kupulumutsa (kukhala) chitetezo chokwanira awo.

Chotheka kwambiri kulima (kukumba) kuwononga wosanjikiza vermicompost, ndi mbewu yofesedwa pambuyo ndondomeko imeneyi, wofooka zomera.

Biomineral (chachitatu) wosanjikiza lachonde.

Topsoil, kuli inamera udzu, kuphimbira kumateteza dothi atayanika pa dzanja limodzi, pa zina - amalola chinyezi kudutsa mkati mwake. Pa kuya lino anasamutsidwa ndi linakwiriridwa mbewu imakhalabe, pamodzi ndi vermicompost. zochita amuzolengedwa kunachitika wosanjikiza kuti, kudziunjikira biomineral fetereza zomera zikule. Mizu ya zomera kudutsa kwambiri mu nthaka (pafupifupi kotero kwambiri monga kutalika chomera), kulandira kudya mokwanira kwa wosanjikiza izi.

Wosanjikiza chachinayi cha lachonde - humus.

Ndi ntchito tizilombo m'mikhalidwe kupeza kwenikweni ndi mpweya ndi chinyezi, kupanga mankhwala wapadera hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, methane ndi biogases kuyaka. Zimenezi amatchedwa biosynthesis, iye ndiye amalenga bioazotnye kudzikundikira. wosanjikiza ili pa dzanja limodzi umafunda zomera, ndi zina - zomera, komanso tizilombo ndi microfauna kuyamwa kugwira mpweya woipa ndi dziko. Choncho anapanga bioazotnye kudzikundikira nthaka.

The subsoil, dongo - wosanjikiza la chisanu za lachonde

Ndi nthawi kuwombola mpweya kuwombola chinyezi pa akuya 20 cm.

Gulu la dothi Russian V. V. Dokuchaevu

Vasiliy Vasilevich Dokuchaev (1846-1903), ndi miyala ndi nthaka ndi nthaka wasayansi, analenga gulu la nthaka Russian. Pakati zikuchokera nthaka, iye anasankha zotsatirazi: dongo, mchenga, loam, peat, laimu, sod, loam.

dongo

Izi chonde, chakudya chambiri, koma zovuta ndi nthaka mankhwala. Pambuyo kuyanika, iwo anakhala wandiweyani kwambiri. Pofuna kukonza dongosolo lawo n'kofunika kuchititsa akonzedwa pachaka miyeso luso: kukumba, kupanga deciduous lapansi, manyowa, phulusa ndi peat.

mchenga

Izi lotayirira, mosavuta permeable nthaka madzi. Iwo zatha mu potaziyamu ndi magnesium, amafuna kuti zinyalala, feteleza (pa mlingo zing'onozing'ono) ndi sod dziko. Only mu nkhani iyi akhoza zopezera busa topsoil.

loamy

dothi Awa ndi lachonde kwambiri: ali breathable pa dzanja limodzi, ndi pa zina - bwino kusunga chinyezi. Koma ngati inu kukumba iwo nthawi pamwamba pa kutumphuka wandiweyani kuti kumathandiza ingress chinyezi.

peat

dothi awa osowa kashiamu ndi potassium pang'ono phosphorous. Koma ngati inu kuwonjezera mchenga, laimu ndi mchere feteleza - patapita kanthawi pansi amakhala wonyong'onya ndi lachonde kwambiri.

laimu

dothi amenewa ndi ambiri mu Russia. Mu dongosolo lawo - theka laimu, mchenga kapena kupuma dongo. chomera mizu mu nkhani iyi, madzi pang'ono, izo retards ndi kutumphuka padziko.

sod

Topsoil, kuli inamera udzu, - tanthauzo la kuwaika. dothi izi inakhazikitsidwa pa madera akuluakulu lotseguka ku St. Petersburg kuti Kaliningrad ndi Kamchatka. Chinyontho ndi kuchuluka kwa udzu dambo kulenga microclimate wapadera mu wosanjikiza lachonde, imatithandiza zomera anabzala mchere ndi organic nkhani komanso nthaka wakuda. dothi awa akhala ntchito ngati udzu msipu.

loamy

M'mayiko n'zosavuta kuyamwa chinyontho, osati kupanga kutumphuka. Mwamsanga kutenthetsa. makhalidwe ulimi kwa iwo - kumayambiriro peat, kompositi ndi manyowa.

Modern gulu la dothi

Popeza 50s zaka mazana makumi awiri akhala anamanga systematization watsopano wa nthaka, kutenga nkhani zizindikiro matenda nkhani za nthaka ndi zinthu masiku ano zachilengedwe.

Gulu atsopano lofalitsidwa mu 2000. Njirayi imatchedwa mbiri-majini ndi amaganizira kapangidwe ka mbiri nthaka ndi katundu wake.