Antarctica anapeza ulendo, lotsogoledwa ndi ofufuza Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev. History of atulukira Antarctica

Ndani mwa apaulendo anapeza Antarctica? Yankho adzaphunzilanso pa nkhani imeneyi. Chochititsa chidwi, anapeza chikutha chinachitika mu 1820. Ndi nkhani ya Antarctica umayamba chaka chino. Choyamba, anthu kuti inenso Africa ili kumeneko.

Antarctica - Africa kuposa Earth. Kuposa 2 zikwi. Mamita ndi kutalika avareji pamwamba pamwamba Nyanja Antarctic. mamita anayi zikwi kwa izo mu malo m'dzikoli.

Tisanafotokoze kulankhula ndani pakati apaulendo anapeza Antarctica, kunena angapo mawu za amalinyero amene ali pafupi kwambiri kupezeka kwambiri.

Ndi zongopeka woyamba kuli Chile

Gulu ulendo anatenga ndi Portugal mu zaka 1501-1502, ndi likutero. Amerigo Vespucci nawo ulendo. Izi wapaulendo Florence, chifukwa mwamwayi chodabwitsa kwambiri zina, anapereka dzina lake ndi mutu maiko awiri akuluakulu. Komabe, maulendowa zatchulidwazi sakanakhoza kupitirira pa. LOCATION South, amene ali kutali kwambiri kuchokera Antarctica. Vespucci umboni kuti ozizira anali kwambiri moti anzake sakanakhoza kupirira izo.

Iwo kalekale anakopeka anthu Antarctica. Apaulendo amaganiza kuti pali kontinenti yaikulu. Dzheyms Kuk analowa pamaso pa anthu ena madzi Antarctic. Iye debunked nthano kuti pali yadothi Australis kukula kwambiri. Komabe, kuyenda panyanja ya anakakamizika kuganiza okha kuti kontinenti zikhoza kukhala pafupi mtengo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti kukhalapo kwake akutsimikizira zambiri za zilumba ayezi, ndi kuyandama ayezi.

Lazarev ndi Bellingshausen

Antarctica anapeza ulendo, lotsogoledwa ndi ofufuza ku Russia. Nthawi zonse mayina awiri zinalembedwa mu mbiriyakale ya atulukira lawolawo. FF izi Bellingshausen (zaka za moyo - 1778-1852) ndi MP Lazarev (1788-1851).

Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen anabadwa mu 1778. Iye anabadwa mu lili ndi Baltic Nyanja chilumba cha Saaremaa, Estonia limabweretsa lero. Anaphunzitsidwa kuyenda panyanja mu Nyanja Cadet Corps.

Bellingshausen ndinalota kuyambira ubwana wa danga nyanja. Iye analemba kuti anabadwa mwa nyanja, ngati nsomba mmadzi, sangakhale popanda izo. Faddey Faddeevich mu zaka 1803-1806 nawo ulendowu (ndi kuzungulira koyamba, wangwiro Russian oyendetsa) m'ngalawamo "Hope," womwe kutsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Kruzenshtern.

Lazarev anali zaka 10 wamng'ono. Iye anapanga 3 maulendo kuzungulira dziko miyoyo yawo. Kuyenda panyanja nawo 1827 mu nkhondo panyanja ya Navarino, ndiye pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri, anali mtsogoleri wa Black Sea zombo. Mwa ana ake anali ngati otchuka panyanja atsogoleri a Russia, Vladimir Istomin, Pavel Nakhimov, Vladimir Kornilov.

"Vostok" ndi "Mtendere"

Lazarev ndi Bellingshausen tsoka anabweretsa mu 1819. Ndiye Utumiki wa Navy ankafuna kukaona ku Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi. ulendo kovuta anali kuchita zombo ziwiri, okonzeka. Mkulu wa sloop "East" anaikidwa Bellingshausen. Lazarev anatsogolera "Mtendere". Polemekeza zombo zimenezi zaka zambiri ndi woyamba Soviet okwerera Antarctic.

Kutsegula loyamba

Maulendowa mu 1819, July 16, anayamba kusambira. Zakambidwa mwachidule ngati ili anakonza cholinga chake: anatulukira pafupi Antarctic Pole. Oyendetsa analangiza kufufuza Earth Sandwich (tsopano South Sandwich Islands, zomwe poyamba anapeza Cook), komanso South Georgia, ndipo kenako kupitiriza kufufuza kuti M'madera a zitunda lakutali, amene yekha chingapezeke.

Choncho ichi "Mtendere" ndi "East". mfundo South Georgia Island amanenedwa. Ofufuza apeza kuti Earth Sandwich ndi zilumba. Cook Islands Bellingshausen chilumbachi dzina yaikulu ya chilumbachi. Choyamba analandira malangizo kunachitika.

Kutsegula Antarctica

M'chizimezime ankatha kuona expanses achisanu. zombo anapitiriza ulendo wawo pamodzi m'mbali awo kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa. Mu 1820, 27 January, maulendowa anawoloka Antarctic Circle. Ndipo tsiku lotsatira, ophunzira afika pafupi Africa Antarctic, ayezi ake chotchinga. zaka zoposa 100 pambuyo pake, malo awa anapita kachiwiri. nthawi iyi anali ofufuza Chinorowe la Antarctica. Anawapatsa dzina la Mfumukazi Martha Coast.

Bellingshausen pa January 28, analemba mu zolemba zake kuti, kupitiriza kusuntha kum'mwera, maulendowa anapeza mu ayezi usana kuti anayenda chisanu kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mitambo yoyera. Oyendetsa kudutsa kum'mwera-kum'mawa ndi awiri zambiri mtunda, anali kale "mu ayezi olimba." Kumadera ambiri ndipo lili ndi hillocks anatambasula mozungulira. Popeza Antarctica anapeza ulendo, lotsogoledwa ndi ofufuza Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev.

Kumbali ya aone anali bwino sitimayo Lazarev. Woyendetsa ngalawa anaonerera "Ice pamwamba kwambiri," amene anatambasula kuti kaja. Iye anali gawo la pepala ayezi kuti anaphimba Antarctica. Pa January 28 chaka chino, anatsetsereka mu mbiri monga tsiku pamene Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev anapeza kumtunda Antarctic. Kawiri (February 2 ndi 17) "Mtendere" ndi "East" limafika pafupi kugombe la Antarctica. Malinga ndi malangizo, ayenera kuyang'ana kwa "dziko wosadziwika". Komabe, ngakhale kwambiri anatsimikiza za drafters chikalatachi sakanakhoza kuoneratu ngati ntchito bwino.

Mobwerezabwereza ulendo wawo wopita ku Antarctica

Kupemphera yozizira cha Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Zombo ankatembenukira kumpoto, tidapita ku madzi ofunda ndi zotentha za Pacific Ocean. Chaka anapita. Ndiye, "Mtendere" ndi "East" imene analamula Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev walunjika Antarctica kachiwiri. Iwo anawoloka katatu Antarctic Circle.

Peter Ine Island

Maso a apaulendo mu 1821, 22 January, anamuonekera chilumba osadziwika. Iye natchedwa Bellingshausen Island a Peter Wamkulu. January 28, ndendende chaka chimodzi kuyambira atulukira Antarctica, pa dzuwa, anthu oyendetsa wopanda mitambo nyengo anaona gombe mapiri zomwe anatambasula pamaso kum'mwera.

Earth Alexander I

Choyamba anaonekera pa mapu Lapansi ndi Alexander I. Palibe chikaiko silinafunikirenso: Antarctica - sikungokhudza ayezi massif, kontinenti weniweni. Bellingshausen Koma satchula kutsegula kumtunda. Zinali ayi kudzichepetsa onyenga. Kuyenda panyanja ankadziwa kuti n'zotheka mumakumbukira nthawi yomaliza, koma Nditakhala maphunziro zofunika pa magombe a Antarctica. Palibe maphunziro, kapena za kukula kwa Africa, iye sankakhoza ngakhale kupanga lingaliro yovuta. zaka zambiri apita pa issledavaniya.

Investigation wa Islands South Mahatchi

Kumaliza "ulendo", panyanja kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane Islands South Mahatchi. Asanayambe ankadziwika basi chimene B. Smith, ndi England, adamuyang'anira mu 1818. zilumba amenewa kujambula mapu ndi anafotokoza. Nkhondo ya 1812 panafika anthu ambiri makina Lazarev ndi Bellingshausen. Chotero, ena mwa chilumba pokumbukira nkhondo iye analandira maina awa: Waterloo, Leipzig, Berezina, Smolensk, Maloyaroslavets, Borodino. Komabe, patapita amalinyero British anadzatchedwa iwo, kuti sichilungamo ndithu. Waterloo, mwa zina (King George - dzina yake yamakono), linakhazikitsidwa ndi malo ambiri kumpoto kafukufuku wa USSR mu 1968 ku Antarctica amatchedwa "Bellingshausen".

Bwererani Kronstadt

Mu 1821, kumapeto kwa January, Faddey Faddeevich anatumiza zombo kumpoto, zoipa wapabanja navigation mu ayezi ndi mafunde. 751 Tsiku ulendo inatenga zombo Russian. ulendo utali anali pafupifupi 100 zikwi makilomita (kuti ali, bola ngati inu kupeza pamene inu awiri kupita mozungulira Lapansi equator ndi nthawi kotala). 29 zilumba atsopano kujambula mapu. Choncho anayamba chitukuko ndi kafukufuku wa Antarctica.

Potsatira Russian

Choncho, Antarctica anapeza ulendo, lotsogoledwa ndi ofufuza ku Russia. masabata awiri pambuyo pake, mu 1820, 16 January, Russian ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev, anapita ku Antarctica, Edward Brantsfild amene anasamuka ku South Mahatchi Islands kum'mwera, anaona chipale anaphimba mkulu banki. Iye natchedwa kuyenda panyanja ili Lapansi Utatu (ie Utatu). Antarctica Akatswiri anaonanso awiri nsonga phiri. Icho chinali Antarctic Peninsula, kumpoto mlomo wake anatambasula kuti 1,200 kuchokera ku mbali ya America South. Padziko Lapansi, palibe zina yaitali ndi yopapatiza chilumba.

Antarctica kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo amalinyero Russian anaona kampani "Enderby", sealers awiri mabwalo a England, amene anachita pansi John Biscoe kuzungulira dziko. Mu 1831, kumapeto kwa February, mu dziko lamapiri anafika m'bwalo. Iwo Analeredwa ndi iwo chilumbacho. Zitatero, dziko lino anali limanenedwa ngati protrusion wa East Antarctica. Anaonekera pa mapu dzina Biscoe phiri (nsonga kuposa) ndi Enderby Land. Popeza Antarctica anatsegula wofufuza Dzhon Bisko.

Apaulendo mu chaka chamawa zimapangitsa anapeza wina. Anatipeza kwa ziro meridian zilumba zingapo kukula yaing'ono, kupitirira amene muli mapiri a Graham Land (monga dzina lake dziko lino), amene anapitilira kwa Earth Alexander I kum'mawa. dzina lenileni la wofufuza uyu dzina lake unyolo zilumba zazing'ono, ngakhale anapeza m'dziko anali kuganiziridwa kuti nthawi yaitali zilumba.

Khumi wotsatira, chilikupita cha Kumwera Ocean ankagwidwa awiri kapena atatu "gombe". Komabe, ulendo uliwonse wa iwo sanali woyenera.

Mu mbiri ya kuphunzira Antarctica lofunika kwambiri maulendowa wa French, amene ankapita ndi JS Dumont d'Urville. Mu 1838, mu January, awiri chombo wake ( "Seele" ndi "Astrolabe") anadza kwa Pacific ku Atlantic, skirting kum'mwera America. Kafukufuku wapita pofunafuna madzi, ayezi, mpaka kum'mwera, mwatsala Antarctic Peninsula, nsonga zake kumpoto, dzina lake ili Lapansi kuyenda panyanja Louis-Philippe. Dumont d'Urville, kutuluka mu Pacific Ocean, ziwiya zake anatumiza kwa madzi otentha. Komabe, ku Tasmania kenako anatembenukira kum'mwera ndipo anakumana pa ufulu wa Arctic Circle ayezi gombe, dzina lake Adelie Land m'malo mwa mkazi wake. Zimenezi zinachitika mu 1840, pa 20 January. The French tsiku lomwelo anafika pa chilumba. Tikhoza kunena kuti koyamba anthu lero anabwera ku dziko ya Antarctica, ngakhale kuti anali akali kumtunda komanso chilumba chabe pafupi ndi izo.

Nditawerenga nkhaniyo, mwaphunzila, chaka chimene anapeza Antarctica. Only mu 1956, 5 January, pa gombe la kumtunda kutenga woyamba Russian ofufuza. Izo zinachitika mwa zaka 136 pambuyo Antarctica anapeza ulendo, lotsogoledwa ndi ofufuza Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev.