Cyanobacteria - ndi ... Cyanobacteria: kapangidwe, ambiri mudziwe

Pakati pa zamoyo panopa alipo, pali ena Chalk amene kulikonse malo a chikhalidwe ndi mikangano zonse. Choncho ndi zolengedwa otchedwa cyanobacteria. Ngakhale dzina lenileni ali. ofanana matanthauzo ambiri:

• buluu wobiriwira algae;
• cyanobiont;
• fikohromovye Monera;
• cyano;
• slizievye algae ndi ena.

Iwo likukhalira kuti cyanobacteria - ndi yaing'ono, koma nthawi yomweyo ngati kuipidwa ndi maganizo thupi amafuna mosamala ndi kubwerezanso matabwa ake kuti aone chenicheni taxonomic amayanjana.

Mbiri ya anapeza kuli ndi

Malinga ndi nkhani pansi, mbiri ya algae buluu wobiriwira inayambira kutali mmbuyo mu nthawi, kwa mamilioni angapo zaka zapitazo. anapezazo Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuphunzira zokwiriridwa amene anavomereza miyala (malo awo) a nthawi imeneyo kutali.

cyanobacteria anapezeka padziko zitsanzo za, dongosolo limene kunalibe osiyana ndi mitundu ano. Izi zikusonyeza digiri yapamwamba ya kusinthasintha angelo amenewa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana chilengedwe, kupirira kwawo kwambiri ndi kupulumuka. Zikuonekeratu kuti kwa zaka mamilioni panali kwambiri kusintha kutentha ndi mpweya zikuchokera dziko. Palibe Komabe, kodi si bwanji viability wa cyan.

Mu cyanobacteria zamakono - limodzi tating'ono chamoyo, amene linatsegulidwa molumikizana ndi njira zina maselo bakiteriya. Ndiko kuti, Antonie galimoto Leeuwenhoek, Lui Pasterom asayansi mu zaka XVIII-XIX.

More mosamala ameneŵa kenako chitukuko cha elekitironi wamamamayikirosikopu ndi luso modernized ndi njira kafukufuku. Features anali kudziŵika kuti likhale cyanobacteria. selo Kapangidwe zikuphatikizapo angapo latsopano, sapezeka zolengedwa zina, nyumba.

Gawo

funso kudziwa osiyana taxonomic wotseguka. Ngakhale amadziwika chinthu chimodzi chokha: cyanobacteria - prokaryotes. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mbali monga:

• pakalibe phata la, mitochondria, chloroplasts;
• kukhalapo mu selo khoma murein;
• S-ribosome molekyulu wapangidwa maselo.

Komabe, cyanobacteria - prokaryotes zilipo pafupifupi mamiliyoni 1.5 mitundu. Onse anali wachinsinsi ndi m'magulu magulu 5 lalikulu morphological.

1. Chroococcales. Wokwanira gulu lalikulu kulumikizanitsa mitundu yekhayekha kapena atsamunda. Mkulu magawanidwe a zamoyo ikuchitikira pamodzi ndi wamba ntchofu tochoka khoma khungu la munthu aliyense. Mawonekedwe a gulu ndi ndodo zooneka ndi dongosolo ozungulira.
2. Plevrokapsovye. zofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe m'mbuyomu, koma pali mbali mu mawonekedwe a kupanga beotsitov (more pa chodabwitsa lino). Talemba muno cyanobacteria atatu makalasi yakuti: Plevrokapsy, Dermokapsy, Miksosartsiny.
3. Oksillatorii. Mbali yaikulu ya gulu ili kuti zonse maselo amaphatikizidwa mu dongosolo wamba otchedwa mucic trichome. Kudulidwa chikuchitika, popanda kupita kunja ulusi ili mkati. Ostsillatorii monga mwa umembala wake maselo yekha vegetative, nagawira asexually theka.
4. Nostokovye. Osangalatsa cryophilic ake. Akhoza kukhala m'zipululu lotseguka ayezi kupanga pa iwo anawazunza wachikuda. Otchedwa chodabwitsa cha "ukufalikira zipululu oundana." Mitundu ya zamoyo izi ndi filamentous monga trichomes, koma kugonana kubereka, ndi thandizo la maselo apadera - heterocysts. Pano mukhoza kuyikapo oimira zotsatirazi: Annaba, Nostoc, Kalotriksy.
5. Stigonemovye. zofanana kwambiri ndi gulu m'mbuyomu. Chachikulu kusiyana mu akafuna kubalana - iwo akhoza kugawanitsa chulukanani mwa selo chomwecho. Nthumwi yotchuka kwambiri ya ubale - Fisherelly.

Choncho, cyan ndi wachinsinsi monga muyezo morphological, monga enawo pali mafunso ambiri ndipo likukhalira chisokonezo. Botanists ndi microbiologists ndi chimodzi chimene mu taxonomy wa cyanobacteria akhoza siyidafike.

Zimapezekanso

Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa zipangizo wapadera (heterocysts, beotsitov, zachilendo tillakoidov, vacuoles gasi, luso kukonza asafe maselo ndi zina) deta zamoyo anakakhala kulikonse. Iwo amatha kupulumuka ngakhale mu zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri, imene palibe chamoyo amoyo kulibe. Mwachitsanzo, Hot Springs thermophilic, zinthu anaerobic ndi sulfide wa hydrogen mlengalenga, malo acidic kukhala pH zosakwana 4.

Cyanobacteria - chamoyo kupulumuka mwakachetechete pa mchenga nyanja ndi ledges miyala, midadada ayezi ndi zipululu otentha. Phunzirani ndi kuzindikira kupezeka kwa cyanogen akhoza kukhala mtundu khalidwe pa ntchentche, zomwe ndi madera awo. Mtundu akhoza zimasiyana buluu wakuda ndi pinki ndi chibakuwa.

Sinezelenymi iwo anaitana, chomwe nthawi zambiri padziko yachibadwa madzi abwino kapena mchere iwo kupanga buluu wobiriwira mucic filimu. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "algal limamasula." Iwo Tingaone pa iliyonse nyanja, amene wayamba kukula ndi kuwasandutsa chithaphwi.

NKHANI dongosolo selo

Cyanobacteria ndi kapangidwe watsiku ndi zamoyo prokaryotic, koma pali ena peculiarities.

Total dongosolo dongosolo selo chiri motere:

• selo khoma murein ndi polysaccharides;
• plasma Kakhungu bilipidnogo dongosolo;
• cytoplasm ndi zinthu momasuka anagawira majini mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu DNA;
• tillakoidy opaleshoni ntchito dzuwa ndi okhala inki (chlorophylls, xanthophylls carotenoids).

mbali imodzi ya selo pansipa.

Mitundu ya nyumba apadera

Izi makamaka geterotsisty. Chuluchi - osati kawirikawiri, koma maselo okha monga mbali ya trichomes (wamba atsamunda thonje pamodzi ndi mamina). Akusiyana pamene ankaona mu maso ndi kapangidwe kake, kuyambira ntchito yaikulu - yopanga enzyme, ndi kulola kukonza asafe maselo mpweya. Choncho, inki mu geterotsisty pali pang'ono, koma zambiri asafe.

Kachiwiri, gormogonii - zigawo kuchotsedwa trichomes. Iwo akutumikira monga malo kuswana.

Beotsity - ndi mtundu wa maselo mwana wamkazi, misa anapatsidwa kholo limodzi. Nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo ukufika zikwi nthawi imodzi ya kugawikana. Wotere mbali angathe Dermokapsy ena Plevrokapsodievye.

Akinetes - maselo wapadera ku chigawo quiescent ndi m'gulu trichomes lapansi. Akusiyana unyinji wochuluka wolemera selo khoma polysaccharides. ntchito yawo ndi ofanana geterotsisty.

Gasi vacuoles - iwo ali cyanobacteria onse. selo Kapangidwe poyamba akusonyeza pamaso pawo. ntchito yawo - kutenga mbali mu ndondomeko ya maluwa madzi. dzina lina la nyumba ngati - Carboxysome.

Cell kutsegula. Iwo ndithu, ndi zomera ndi nyama ndi maselo bakiteriya. Komabe, buluu wobiriwira algae, inclusions izi ndi penapake zosiyana. Njirazi ndi monga:

• glycogen;
• polyphosphate granules;
• tsianofitsin - chinthu chapadera, wopangidwa mwa aspartate, arginine. Amuchita kwa kusungiramo asafe, chifukwa ali heterocysts nayenso.

Izi ndi zimene ali cyanobacterium. mbali Main ndi maselo apadera ndi organelles - ndicho chimene amalola tsianeyam kugwira photosynthesis, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kuchitira mabakiteriya.

kubalana

Zimenezi si kovuta kwambiri, monga chomwecho, amene mabakiteriya wamba. Cyanobacteria mukhoza kugawanitsa vegetatively, mbali ya trichomes yachibadwa selo pawiri, kapena kuti agwire ndondomeko kugonana.

Nthawi zambiri mu njira zokhudza maselo apadera geterotsisty, Akinetes, beotsity.

njira za kayendedwe

Khola aphimbidwa kunja cyanobacteria khoma selo, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale wosanjikiza wapadera wa polysaccharide angathe kupanga mucic kapisozi mozungulira icho. Ndi zikomo Mbali imeneyi ndi magalimoto amasuntha cyan.

Michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kapena cilia wapadera kumeneko. Movement akhoza kuchitika kokha padziko olimba ndi mabala ntchofu yochepa. Ena Ostsillatorii ndi njira yodabwitsa kwambiri kusamukira - iwo zokhudza nguli nthawi yomweyo chifukwa kasinthasintha wa trichomes lonse. Choncho pali gulu padziko a.

Luso kukonza asafe

Mbali imeneyi ali pafupifupi aliyense cyanobacterium. Izi ndi zotheka kuyamika nitrogenase enzyme angathe kukonza maselo asafe ndi kumasulira mu mankhwala zidyeke mawonekedwe. Izi zimachitika nyumba geterotsisty. Choncho, anthu mitundu amene alibe iwo, kukonza asafe mpweya sindingakhoze.

Nthawi zambiri, ndondomeko izi zimawapangitsa lofunika kwambiri anthu cyanobacteria kwa zomera. N'zoona nthaka, zomera cyan kuthandiza kuyamwa omangidwa asafe ndi munthu wabwinobwino.

mitundu anaerobic

Ena mawonekedwe a buluu wobiriwira algae (mwachitsanzo, Ostsillatorii) angathe kukhala mu zinthu anaerobic kwathunthu, ndi chikhalidwe cha sulfide wa hydrogen. Pankhaniyi processing wa pawiri mwa thupi ndipo anapanga chifukwa cha sulfure maselo exiting mu chilengedwe.