Njira theka anachita: aligorivimu

Ambiri mankhwala zako anayesedwa ndi madigiri kusintha kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa maatomu omwe kupanga pawiri zotakasika. Kulemba maikwezhoni zochita redox mtundu Kawirikawiri limodzi ndi vuto atakhala koefishienti musanadye chilinganizo zinthu. Chifukwa chaichi, njira yapangidwa zokhudza bwino pakompyuta kapena pakompyuta-amaayoni mlandu kugawa. Nkhani anafotokoza njira yachiwiri mpaka maikwezhoni lapansi.

theka anachita njira, ndicho

Iye anaitana zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ion bwino kugawa koyefishienti kuchulukitsa. Kuchokera pa njira ya kupatsana particles zoipa mlandu pakati anions kapena cations mu kuvunda sing'anga ndi phindu osiyana pH.

Mu zochita za zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndi reductive electrolytes mtundu nawo ndi ayoni zoipa mlandu positive. Maikwezhoni maselo ion mitundu, zochokera theka njira anachita zimafunika, akusonyeza akamanena za ndondomeko iliyonse.

Kupanga bwino electrolytes ntchito yapadera kalembedwe kugwirizana kwambiri monga particles amaayoni ndi kugwirizana lotayirira, ndi madipoziti mpweya mu mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu undissociated. The zikuchokera ayenera akusonyeza madera particles zomwe kusintha digiri awo makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Kudziwa kuvunda sing'anga mosamala kutanthauza acidic (H ^+), soda (o ^-) ndi ndale (H ₂ O) zinthu.

Pakuti ntchito?

The njira WRA walangizidwa maikwezhoni theka anachita kulemba amaayoni padera kwa njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuchepetsa. Bwino zomaliza zidzakhala ndalama zawo.

masiteji kukhazikitsa

Kulemba ali peculiarities mwini theka anachita njira zake. The aligorivimu limapangidwa zinthu zotsatirazi:

- Chinthu choyamba ndi kulemba mitunduyi kwa reactants onse. Mwachitsanzo:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Ndiye muyenera kuika Mbali kuchokera mankhwala maganizo, aliyense chigawo cha ndondomekoyi. Mu linachepa, KMnO ₄ ntchito ngati oxidizer, H ₂ S ndi wothandizila kuchepetsa ndi HCl imalongosola malo acidic.

- Chinthu chachitatu ayenera kulemba latsopano mzere chilinganizo mankhwala amaayoni yatikhudza ndi amphamvu electrolyte akanatha maatomu amene pali kusintha madigiri wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pothirirapo izi MnO ₄ ^- zochita ngati wothandizira oxidizing, H ₂ S ndi kuchepetsa reagent ndi H ⁺ oxonium cation kapena H ₃ O ⁺ imalongosola malo acidic. The gaseous, olimba kapena ofooka electrolytic pawiri anasonyeza labwinobwino mitunduyi maselo.

Kudziwa zigawo yoyambira, kuyesa kudziwa zimene mtundu wa oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila adzakhala kuchepetsedwa ndi oxidized mawonekedwe, motero. Nthawi zina zinthu komaliza kale mwachindunji mu zinthu, uyenera kuthandiza ntchito. The maikwezhoni zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kusintha H ₂ S (haidrojeni sulfide) kuti S (sulfure), ndipo anion MnO ₄ ^- pa MN ²⁺ cation.

Pakuti muyezo wa particles ya atomiki lamanzere ndi lamanja gawo mu malo acidic anawonjezera cation wa hydrogen H ⁺ kapena madzi maselo. Yankho zamchere Chinawonjezeka ayoni hydroxide HA ^- kapena H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → MN ²⁺

Mu njira ya atomu mpweya pamodzi ndi manganatnyh ayoni H ⁺ mawonekedwe mamolekyulu madzi. Mwakufuna chiwerengero cha zinthu kwalembedwa monga aone kuti pali kuti: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+.

Ndiye, kwinakunso ikuchitika magetsi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, taganizirani chiwerengero cha mlandu kumanzere m'deralo, likukhalira zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndiye kuti kumanja, lotulukira awiri. Moyenera ndondomeko anawonjezera kuti zipangizo poyambira asanu particles zoipa: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+. Likukhalira theka anachita achire.

Tsopano mwakufuna chiwerengero cha maatomu kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndondomeko. Kuti izi anawonjezera kuti ufulu cations mbali wa hydrogen: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

Pambuyo zokwanira mlandu imagwiridwa: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. Izo zikuoneka kuti poyambira mankhwala wonyeketsa particles awiri negative. Likukhalira theka zimene ndondomeko makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Kulemba maikwezhoni awiri mu mzati ndi mizera osewera ndi milandu anavomera. Malinga ndi ulamuliro mtima wa angapo osachepera amusankha kuti theka lililonse-anachita multiplier wanu. Iwo kuchulukitsa ndi zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndi reductive aone kuti pali.

Tsopano n'zotheka kuti agwire chimangirizo za mapepala awiri, apangidwe lamanzere ndi lamanja mbali pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mitundu amagetsi.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5S

The aone kuti pali chifukwa akhoza kuchepetsa H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S.

Kuunikira kulondola kwa muyezo ion ndi kuwerenga nambala ya ma atomu mpweya mivi ndi pambuyo, umene uli wofanana 8. M'pofunikanso kuti titsimikize milandu chomaliza, ndi mbali yoyamba ya muyezo: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Ngati zonse likufanana, kwalembedwa molondola.

njira theka anachita umatha ndi kusintha kwa kujambula maselo ion kuti aone kuti pali lapansi. Pakuti aliyense tinthu ndi anion ndi cation gawo la muyezo anachoka ku khundu mlandu anasankha ion. Kenako kunditumiza ku dzanja lamanja, mu yofanana. Tsopano, ayoni akhoza chikugwirizana ndi molekyulu lonse.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5S + 2KCl.

Ikani njira theka zochita, ndi aligorivimu ndiko kulemba anthu aone kuti pali maselo, chitha pamodzi ndi kulemba mtundu pakompyuta sikelo.

Khama la wothandizira oxidizing

udindo otere ankaimba ndi mabungwe amaayoni, atomiki kapena maselo amene amalandira ma elekitironi zoipa mlandu. zinthu Oxidising kukumana kubwezeretsedwa mu zochita. Ali pakompyuta drawback, zomwe zikhoza wodzazidwa. njira zimenezo zimaphatikizapo redox theka anachita.

Osati zinthu zonse ndi luso angagwirizanitse ma elekitironi. Ndi reagents amphamvu oxidizing monga:

• oimira halogen;
• asidi monga nitric, sulfuric ndi selenium;
• potaziyamu permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• manganese tetravalent ndi oxides kutsogolera;
• siliva ndi golide ion;
• pawiri gaseous mpweya;
• divalent oxides mkuwa ndi monovalent siliva;
• chlorine munali zigawo mchere;
• vodika achifumu;
• hydrogen peroxide.

Khama la kuchepetsa

udindo limene limabweretsa amaayoni, atomiki kapena maselo particles, omwe akutipatsa mlandu negative. Mu zochita kuchepetsa zinthu kukumana zotsatira zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni pa pogawanikana pamawere wa ma elekitironi.

Ndi kuchepetsa katundu :

• Oimira zitsulo ambiri;
• mankhwala tetravalent sulfure ndi sulfide wa hydrogen;
• zidulo halogen;
• chitsulo, chromium, ndi manganese sulphate;
• stannous mankhwala enaake;
• asafe munali wothandizila monga nitrous asidi, stannous oxide hydrazine ndi amoniya;
• mpweya zachilengedwe ndi okusayidi divalent;
• molekyulu wa hydrogen;
• asidi phosphorous.

Ubwino wa njira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ion

Kulemba redox anachita, njira theka anachita ntchito zambiri kuposa pakompyuta mtundu bwino.

Ichi ndi chifukwa ubwino njira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ion :

1. Pa nthawi ya kulemba aone kuti pali kuganizira ayoni lenileni ndi mankhwala kuti kulibe monga mbali imodzi ya vuto.
2. Inu simungakhoze poyamba zokhudza kulandira pawiri, atsimikiza mu gawo lotsiriza.
3. Si nthawi zonse deta zofunika pa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni.
4. Chifukwa njira n'zotheka kudziwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi nawo theka anachita monga kusintha pH phindu njira.
5. Ndi maikwezhoni yafupika mitundu amaayoni anaphunzira mbali ya njira ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala chifukwa.

Theka anachita mu njira asidi

Pogwira anapezazo ndi ayoni wa hydrogen owonjezera angamvere aligorivimu zofunika. Njira theka anachita mu chidulo sing'anga ndi kujambula kuyamba gawo la ndondomeko iliyonse. Ndiye iwo anafotokoza mu mawonekedwe a maikwezhoni a mitundu ion kugwilizana ndi muyezo wa atomiki ndi zipangizo mlandu. Padera opezeka njira ya zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndi khalidwe reductive.

Agwirizane ndi mpweya atomiki uku zochita ndi kosawerengeka kubweretsa cations wa hydrogen ake. Mlingo wa H ⁺ ayenera kokwanira kupeza madzi maselo. Kupatulapo akusowa mpweya zimachitika H ₂ O.

Ndiye wopereka bwino maatomu hydrogen ndi ma elekitironi.

Kupanga chimangirizo za maikwezhoni pambuyo pa muvi ndi makonzedwe a koefishienti lapansi.

Kuchita kuchepetsa womwewo wa ayoni ndi mamolekyulu. Ndi reagents kale olembedwa mu Kuwonjezera okwana akusowa aone kuti pali ntchito anionic ndi mitundu cationic. chiwerengero chawo pambuyo pa muvi ayenera kufanana.

Aone kuti pali OVR (theka anachita njira) imatengedwa likwaniritsidwe polemba yomalizidwa mawu a mitundu maselo. Pafupi wina ndi chigawo chimodzi tiyenera kukhala chinthu ena.

Zitsanzo za zinthu acidic

Zimene wa nitrite ndi sodium ndi asidi chloric kumabweretsa yopanga nitrate soda ndi hydrochloric acid. Dongosolo la koefishienti ntchito njira theka zochita zitsanzo za kulemba maikwezhoni kugwirizana ndi umboni wa chilengedwe acidic.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ O + cl ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ O + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ O + cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Mu ndondomekoyi, ndi nitrite wa nitrate ndi sodium analandira, ndi ku chidulo chloric anapanga mchere. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni digiri kusintha ndi asafe 3 mpaka 5, ndiponso mlandu chlorine 5 amakhala -1. mankhwala onse musati kupanga precipitate.

Theka anachita m'malo zamchere

Kuchititsa kuwerengetsera pamene owonjezera hydroxide ayoni limafanana kuwerengetsera njira zothetsera acidic. Njira theka anachita mu sing'anga zamchere komanso anayamba kufotokoza zigawo za ndondomeko mu mawonekedwe a maikwezhoni amaayoni. Kusiyana anaona pa mayikidwe a mpweya atomiki. Choncho, pambali pa zimene wake ndi muyeso maselo madzi, ndi mbali ina appends anions hydroxide.

The koyefishienti wa molekyulu wa H ₂ O zikusonyeza kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya pambuyo pa muvi, ndi ayoni HA ^- izo awiri. Pa wothandizila makutidwe ndi okosijeni kumachita monga kuchepetsa wothandizila amatenga O atomu ndi anions hydroxyl.

Njira theka anachita atsiliza akuchita masitepe otsala aligorivimu, amene lifanane ndi njira yomwe ndi owonjezera acid. Mapeto ndi aone kuti pali mitundu maselo.

Zitsanzo sing'anga zamchere

Pamene kusakaniza ayodini ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide anapanga ndi sodium iodide ndi iodate, ka tinthu madzi. Pakuti ndondomeko bwino ntchito njira theka anachita. Zitsanzo njira soda ndi mfundo zawo zokhudza equalization mpweya atomiki.

NaOH + Ine ₂ → nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

Ine + E ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + Ine - 5e - →} I - + 3H ₂ O + IO ₃ ^- | 1

Ine + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ O + 5I ^- + IO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

The chifukwa cha zimene ndilo kutha kwa violet coloration ayodini maselo. Pali kusintha makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la mchitidwe kuchokera 0 1 ndi 5 kupanga iodide ndi sodium wochuluka iodate.

Chisoni mu malo ndale

Childs amanena za njira kunachitika hydrolysis kupanga asidi salt ofooka (mtengo pH pakati pa 6 ndi 7) kapena pang'ono zofunika (kuti pH 7 8) yankho.

njira anachita theka mu sing'anga ndale zinalembedwa m'mabaibulo angapo.

Mu njira woyamba Kodi kuganizira mchere hydrolysis. Sing'anga amatengedwa ngati ndale kumanzere kwa muvi amanena madzi maselo. Mu chimake izi, theka-zochita kutenga chidulo, ndi wina - kwa zamchere.

Yachiwiri njira ndi oyenera njira imene n'zotheka kukhazikitsa pafupifupi pH phindu. Ndiye anachita kwa njira ion-elekitironi motani njira zamchere kapena acidic.

CHITSANZO ndale sing'anga

Pamene sulfide wa hydrogen pawiri ndi dichromate ndi sodium mu madzi analandira precipitate sulfure, sodium ndi trivalent chromium hydroxide. Izi ndi kuvomera lililonse kwa njira ndale.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (o) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (o) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + 3S + 2Cr} (o) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Haidrojeni cations ndi anions hydroxide pamene zimagwira kupanga mamolekyulu 6 madzi. Iwo akhoza kuchotsedwa mu lamanja ndi kumanzere, kusiya owonjezera kuti muvi.

H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^2- → 3S + 2Cr (o) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ O → 2NaOH + 3S + 2Cr ( o) ₃

Kumapeto kwa zimene munthu precipitate a mitundu chromium hydroxide buluu ndi wachikasu sulfure mu njira zamchere ndi hydroxide ndi sodium. Mphamvu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wa amafotokozera S amakhala -2 0, ndi mlandu chromium +6 anatembenukira kwa 3.