Nkhalango nthaka Russia

m'gawo Russian ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Ndi boma yaikulu ndi malo. malo ake kuwonjezera pafupifupi khumi zikwi makilomita kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa. Nyengo ndi nthaka dziko zosiyana. Nyengo - kuchokera nkhanza kozizira mpaka subtropical. Nthaka, nayenso - chimfine achisanu zipululu kozizira kumpoto kwa louma theka-m'chipululu kum'mwera.

steppe woyendera nthambi

Malinga magawidwe ndi nyengo za dziko, chivundikiro nthaka aumbike kwa kapangidwe osiyana ndi chonde.

m'gawo Russian lagawidwa zotsatirazi malo achilengedwe :

• Arctic m'zipululu;
• Titafika pamalo;
• m'nkhalango Titafika pamalo;
• nayonso;
• broadleaf ndi nkhalango wosakaniza ;
• steppe;
• steppe;
• achipululu;
• mayiko.

m'madera mulingo woyenera zolinga ulimi amaonedwa kukhala zigawo za nkhalango steppe, steppe ndi mayiko.

Steppe woyendera nthambi amakhala ndi kusinthana kwa m'mayiko nkhalango steppe. M'dera limeneli pali sod-podzol, chithaphwi, imvi ashed nkhalango, malawi mchere ndi dothi lililonse wakuda.

Forest nthaka ndi mapangidwe awo

The nkhalango-steppe - malo achilengedwe lili pakati pa nkhalango steppe woyendera nthambi magawidwe. Steppe dera chopingasa pa East European Plain ndi gawo West Siberia Plain, komanso mwa dera la Urals Kumwera. Nkhalango zina zimafunika zili mu Pannonian Plain.

Russian nkhalango nthaka anapanga mu ndondomeko yaitali mkombero nthaka-n'kupanga. Kuyambira mapangidwe zone kugwirizana ndi nthawi kutsekedwa glacial nthawi. Kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ndi madera nkhalango Western Siberia bwino anapanga ndi malangizo kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo lagawidwa zigawo zitatu: Far East, Siberia ndi East.

katundu nthaka nkhalango ali osiyana mu zikuchokera awo ndi kumene anachokera, ndi Zikatero, ndiyo yokonza ntchito zaulimi anthu ndi kulunjika ake.

Forest-steppe - amtengo njira ya Russia

Malo okwana zone izi ndi pafupifupi 150 miliyoni mahekitala, kapena za 7% ya malo okwana boma. nyengo zimakhudza khalidwe zonal mfundo zimene mtundu wa nthaka m'nkhalango lolamuliridwa, malingana mvula, kutentha ndi zomera chivundikirocho. nyengo kusintha nkhalango kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, yodziwika ndi kusiyana zigawo zomwe chimasonyeza kuti nthaka steppe Russia kungakhale ukasintha osiyana mu kapangidwe ndi woyenerera. Mitundu nthaka anaika pa humus kaja. Pamaso pa humus wosanjikiza zosakwana makumi awiri masentimita amaona chizindikiro cha dothi osauka. Woposa makumi anayi - nthaka imatengedwa oyenera khalidwe la ulimi.

Dera lalikulu kwambiri malo oyenera imagwera pa steppe Russian. The dothi la m'dera ukulimidwa peresenti makumi asanu ndi atatu. Chifukwa chonde mkulu ndi humus wosanjikiza ndi lalikulu ambiri mbewu mwakula. Pakuti chachikulu nthaka gawo dzinthu nkhalango bwino. Mu ichi zone, tirigu, rye, chimanga, buckwheat. kulima mbewu mafakitale mokwanira anayamba: mpendadzuwa, Beet, oilseed kugwiriridwa.

Mapangidwe ndi mitundu ya dothi mu zone m'nkhalango steppe wa dziko

Forest nthaka aumbike mwa zikhalidwe za kukula kwa nkhalango ndi madambo.

Nthaka chivundikiro nkhalango zone inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuwola chomera zatsalira zitsamba ndi udzu mitengo. Zotsalira zazomera yolimba zigawo agrocenoses angapo munda ndipo kenako kuchokera matani 100 mpaka 500 pa mahekitala, malingana ndi zaka mtengo. Pa nkhalango zatsalira nthaka nkhalango chaka amalandira matani 2 mpaka 30 pa mahekitala wa nkhani youma chikukhudza kuchokera makilogalamu 50 700 pa m'nyanjazi mahekitala phulusa. zatsalira chuma yolimba asafe (50-85 makilogalamu / ha) na calcium (70-95 makilogalamu / ha) Mzimuyo kupezeka kwa zinthu zabwino mapangidwe a dothi lachonde.

M'madera kumpoto m'dera nkhalango-steppe pa chivundikiro nthaka limanenedwa makamaka imvi nkhalango dziko, leached ndi podzolized chernozems. Pa dothi imvi nkhalango wochititsidwa ulimi mwakayakaya. 55% ya malo ukulimidwa, koma pa wakuda lapansi - 40%.

Ndi bottoms zigwembe, matabwa, matendawa, ndi m'maenje, malinga pansi pafupi (1.2 mita), anapanga glei nthaka humus ndi sod glei pakati pratensis dambo ndi zitsamba. Iwo ntchito monga hayfields ndi msipu.

M'madera m'chigwa cha m'dera medium- ndi silnosmytyh nthaka si upambana 5%, pamene pa okwera apamwamba monga mkulu 20% kapena zambiri.

M'madera kum'mwera kwa nkhalango, m'mayiko ulimi ali makamaka ili mu chernozems leached ndi imodzi. Nakulitsa za 87% ya malo okwana dziko. Mtokoma wa olimapo ili pa otsetsereka wofatsa. Amphamvu madzi osefukira poyera za makumi atatu peresenti ya olimapo, mpaka 40-50% ya ndalama m'madera ena ena.

Kuchepekela chonde - pa ngoziyo za m'tsogolo

The kuchepa amphamvu chonde nthaka wakuda kumathandiza kuchepetsa okhazikika zakudya. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi ulimi mwakayakaya. A kuchepa lakuthwa mu zili humus nthaka chinawonjezeka kachulukidwe thupi, kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe ndi thupi katundu wa madzi mankhwala chifukwa makina katundu munda.

Nthaka nkhalango Russia lero mu ndondomeko ya ulimi tima oposa 30% wataya chonde ake. Zimenezi ankaona kuti sizingasinthe. Mapangidwe wina centimeter topsoil amatenga zaka pafupifupi 125-400 zaka kuthengo. Zinawonongedwa ndi munthu, ndi zoopsa. Kenako, popanda kuona mmene ku nkhokwe njira m'dziko dziko anawawidwa topezeka zachilengedwe. Izi zidzapangitsa kuti kutha kwa nthaka yachonde mu zaka 40-50. Tikukhulupirira, anzeru ndi zomveka anthu sadzalola ndi mavuto ngati dongosolo lonse kufunafuna ndalama zambiri.