Chuma Uzbekistan akuti: kupambana kapena wolephera?

Chuma yamakono ya Uzbekistan zayamba ndi Chiuzibeki mwayekha statehood zimene zinachitika pambuyo kugwa Soviet Union. Mwa mamembala a CIS lonseli, ndi oyamba analowa gawo la chitukuko zachuma. Ndi 2001, Uzbekistan anali kukonzanso amaudindo Soviet kupanga mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro za GDP. Engine cha kukula wakhala ndi kukhala wolowa (poyerekeza mowa zoweta, ndi mu mkhalidwe stagnation). Motero, kukula zachuma kumaonekera mfundo otsika moyo.

mwayekha chuma

Ziziyenda boma la dziko limene wakumana zikamera ya dziko latsopano, boma la Uzbekistan wasankha njira kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Cholinga chifungulo cha kusintha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera chuma anakonza wa Soviet ku msika wamakono. kusintha kandalama m'gulu kulimbitsa chilango malipiro ndi wokwera mu gawo la mphamvu, kusintha kwa zakale mabizinezi gulu ulimi minda munthu, komanso kukana kuphangira boma.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu wamba amakampani sanakhale zonse kunachitika. Chifukwa cha maziko a zachuma inali zonse zotsutsana Uzbekistan. Mbali imeneyi kwachititsa chakuti kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma ali mochedwa ndipo likupitirirabe lero. The gawo payekha ndi entrepreneurship kumathandiza alowererepo boma.

Banki ndi Finance

Mu 1994, chuma Uzbekistan ali national yake ndalama - Uwerenge (a ndalama wofanana tiyin zana). Mu theka lachiwiri la 90 kusinthitsa ndalama zake ndi dola US wakhala kokhazikika. Pa chiyambi cha 2000s, ndi ndalama US anasangalala kwambiri. Pamene kusintha mtengo kwachitika pa njira imene Bank ku Central la Uzbekistan. Popeza kuti mlingo kuwombola mtundu Central Asia si ufulu, ndipo malamulo ndi matupi boma ndalama. Banki chapakati anali kukhwimitsa osatchuka kubweretsa mtengo wa Chiuzibeki ndalama zizindikiro zenizeni msika. Kufufuma - mmodzi wa waukulu mavuto a zachuma cha dziko. Kuchepetsa mlingo mkulu kukula mtengo mu boma kwa zaka 25, chikudziwikabe kuchita zolimba ndalama ndi ngongole ndondomeko.

Mu 2003 chokha, Unduna wa Economy la Uzbekistan analengeza chiyambi cha ufulu convertibility wa ndalama dziko. Kuti akwanitse kusintha anafunikira kuti agwire kugwirizana kwa mitengo yosinthira ndalama, omwe anali kumva ndi devaluation ndiye. mwanjira ina, koma chifukwa miyeso anatengedwa mu 2003, kufufuma anagwa 3%. M'tsogolo, boma anapitirizabe pang'onopang'ono aphatikizire ndalama za Uzbekistan mu msika lonse.

The asanu mabanki waukulu mu dziko - kuti Bank ya National, Uzpromstroybank; Asaka Bank, Agrobank ndi Ipotekobank (mlandu 62% ya dongosolo banki dziko wonse). Mu 2013, likulu okwana mabungwe malonda ngongole ya dziko anakwana $ 3 biliyoni.

Mu 1994, Stock Kusinthanitsa "Tashkent" analengedwa, amene anakhala mmodzi wa malo yaikulu ya moyo ndalama ya dziko. Mtanda unaonetseratu chinsinsi ziwongola dzanja zaogulitsa, chuma ndi inshuwalansi magulu a Uzbekistan. Pa katundu kuwombola imachitika koyamba nsembe onse ndi malonda yachiwiri ya sheya. Mu 2012, nsanja iyi kupeza kugulitsa madola 85 miliyoni.

Mugone kunja

Chuma yamakono ya Uzbekistan akuyesa asangokhala msika, komanso lotseguka kwa dziko lonse. The chida chachikulu ichi - nawo dziko ku gulu lonse za ntchito ndi zachuma. Mu 90 latsopano unkalamuliridwa alowa zosiyanasiyana mabungwe amene anathandiza kukhazikitsa ojambula malonda ndi mayiko osiyana. Izi makamaka UN, mkati limene zosiyanasiyana mabungwe a zachuma. Chapakati ku Asia Republic komanso amagwirizana ndi World Bank ndi mayiko Finance Corporation.

mabungwe ambiri Ndatsegula maudindo awo woimira mu Tashkent. Ndi UN, ndi IMF, ndi Bank European kwa kumanganso ndiponso Development, World Bank, Union Commission European. Kupezeka ndi othandizana nawo awo dera. Ambiri a zachuma Uzbekistan ndi kumayenderana ndi chuma m'mayiko ena Central Asia, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan ndi Iran (ndi yamasika makamaka kumagwirizana ndi chuma cha Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan ndi Russia). Republic of onse ali m'gulu 37 mabungwe a zachuma padziko lonse.

Wosalira chilengedwe amakampani ndi likulu yachilendo wakhala ntchito chonse cha makampani pofuna aganyali chuma cha Uzbekistan. Makamaka zabwino anali chikhazikitso cha malamulo atsopano kwa pulogalamuyo la zogulitsa kunja. Koma poyamba, ndipo tsopano abwenzi fungulo la Uzbekistan - Dziko la CIS.

kukopa ndalama

Malinga ndi kafukufuku, chuma Uzbekistan masiku ano mawu a ndalama, ndi wokongola kwambiri m'dera la makampani mphamvu (mafuta kuyenga, makampani mankhwala), kuyenda komanso ulimi. Pachikhalidwe, likulu yachilendo imatsogoleredwa kwa Tashkent ndi Ferghana zigawo. Monga taonera, msika wa chuma Uzbekistan a kukali amadalira boma. Choncho, yaikulu zomanga ndalama zakunja akuyendera dziko yekha pansi polojekiti boma. Nthawi zambiri, Unduna wa Economy la Uzbekistan ndi mabungwe ena udindo anasankha zinthu moni zamakono ndi kupanga, komanso kufunika mtanda m'makalata. Onse mundondomeko imeneyi kuti nonse muzikonda payekha gawo.

Chuma umalimbana osati pa mapulogalamu nthawi yochepa panopa, ndi kwa nthawi yaitali komanso zofunikira kuti akonze zolinga njira ya polojekiti. Malinga ndi mfundo ndi dongosolo la malamulo chuma cha boma. likulu okhonda facilitates structural wasinthika zosiyanasiyana mafakitale, imathandizira wamakono ndi luso kukonzanso zida za ulimi. chuma Uzbekistan amafunika lero ndi ndalama ntchito zachilengedwe. A vuto lalikulu zili mu Nyanja Aral zinauma chifukwa cha ntchito mosaganizira chuma madzi m'nthawi ya Soviet Union.

Mu Uzbekistan lero ndi mpata kwambiri ndalama uli processing ndi migodi. Maonekedwe mu zaluso izi zamakono amathandiza kuchepetsa gwero, kulepheretsa kupanga katundu ndi zotchipa pa msika lonse. mlingo lerolino chuma Uzbekistan ali akufotokozera kwakukulukulu monga mwa katundu ngati (Thonje, zovala ndi zina zotero. D.). Ndalama ndi kofunika kwambiri mu nthawi ya kusintha limene akukhala tsopano ndi ku Central Asia Republic.

zipangizo

zaka zambiri chitukuko cha chuma Uzbekistan a wakonza kutsogolera mafakitale boma ku Central Asia, ndi chitsimikizo cha bata m'chigawochi. Dziko angapo ubwino pochita ndalama zakunja. Izi zazikulu za citukuko ndi ndale bata, zabwino nyengo ndi chilengedwe zinthu. mbali zimenezi ndi chinsinsi chitukuko yunifolomu wa dziko lonse.

Chuma Chiuzibeki ikusintha zaka 25 ayamikike maziko ake wolemera gwero ndi zaphindu malo Hrs (Uzbekistan lili likulu la msika waukulu dera). Sayansi ndi ozindikira ndipo anthu chuma cha dziko. Kupeza zipangizo limachititsa kuchepetsa ndalama zipangizo magalimoto, kodi konza mtengo wa mankhwala chopangidwa.

Lero dziko wapeza 2,800 minda osiyana. m'munsi chuma mchere wa Republic ndi pafupifupi thililiyoni 3.5 dollars. Zikomo kwa iye, inakhazikitsidwa zotsatirazi zomwe la Uzbekistan mu chuma: 9 TH m'dziko kwa kupanga golide, 9 - ureniamu, 5 - thonje CHIKWANGWANI.

energetics

Chapakati ku Asia mtundu wina wa ochepa palokha kwathunthu mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Uzbekistan Makampani anapereka 100% mafuta, mafuta; gasi, magetsi ndi malasha. zofuna Economic zikakambidwe pa zaka 100. Pali kufufuza 200 mpweya, mafuta ndi condensate.

Chuma cha dziko la Uzbekistan othandiza ku mawonedwe a mphamvu. Iwo osati chimakwirira kufunika kuwonjezeka, komanso kufunika kwake ndi kangapo mtengo kuposa mayiko zotsogola. Komanso, pali kuthekera malire, chomwe magwero njira mphamvu (mphepo, dzuwa, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Today ku Uzbekistan ali 45 mphamvu zomera kupoletsa megawatts 12,000 pa chaka. Uku amapanga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu ya dziko lonse la padziko lonse mphamvu Central Asia. Mu 2012, zomera mphamvu ya Uzbekistan opangidwa biliyoni 52 kilowatt-maola.

ulimi

Agriculture ndi katundu kwambiri a zipangizo za mafakitale. Kaya amene anali mtumiki wa chuma cha Uzbekistan, ndi gawo ulimi wakhala anakhalabe kunyada kwa dziko. Chifukwa cha ulimi - ulimi wa thonje. Izi ndi zofunika katundu mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, matani 3.4 miliyoni a thonje anali pamodzi 2010. Zina zofunika zinthu za katundu wa malimidwe Uzbekistan a yaiwisi silika, mphesa, zipatso, vwende. Komanso kuchuluka kwambiri zipatso wogulitsa ndi masamba (matani 10 miliyoni pa chaka).

Pafupifupi 60% ya anthu Uzbekistan a amakhala kumidzi. Mu nkhani imeneyi, gawo ulimi ntchito chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ntchito chinkhoswe mu chuma. m'madera ambiri ntchito mbewu, anakhalabe lalikulu dongosolo ulimi wothirira. Iye anaonekera mu nyengo ya Soviet. Pozindikira kufunika kwa zomangamanga ichi, boma lili palokha Uzbekistan zonse kusintha izo. Lero kulima malo Akuti pa mahekala 4 miliyoni mu dziko (m'mayiko yothiriridwa zimapanga za 87%).

Malinga ndi zomwe anapatsidwa ndi unduna wa Economy wa Republic of Uzbekistan, dziko lili ndi minda oposa 80 zikwi. M'dera pafupifupi chiwembu amenewa - 60 mahekitala. Agrarian chuma Nthawi asamagwire misonkho zopereka kuvomerezedwa ku cuma. About 10 zikwi za iwo imakhazikika mu ulimi, mbatata ndipo masamba 22 000 - mu horticulture ndi viticulture (chaka wakula tonnes pafupifupi 50 000 a mphesa ndi matani 15,000 ya zipatso).

Malinga ndi chigamulo cha malemu pulezidenti Islam Karimov la Uzbekistan sanachedwe kuvomereza kwa Fund Mayiko kwa Development ulimi. Mu chochitika cha zochitika zadzidzidzi boma akhoza kutuluka izo ngongole concessional pa chitukuko la nchito za ulimi. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, gawo ili la chuma Chiuzibeki kuti tsiku padera za miliyoni 700 madola mwa ndalama zakunja. Ndi ndalama za Development Asian Bank, World Bank ndi Chisilamu Bank Development. Chaka chilichonse, ulimi mabwalo imabala, mtengo okwana amene pafupifupi thililiyoni 12 soums. Makampani mankhwala Uzbekistan laperekedwa kwa msika tonnes oposa 1 miliyoni a feteleza zosiyanasiyana.

Chinthu chabwino kwa chitukuko cha ulimi wa Uzbekistan ndi moyandikana zosiyanasiyana misika. ndalama zake amakhala ndi olemera zomangamanga zoyendera. Iwo Integrated mu wonse aya dongosolo kaphatikizidwe lonse la Europe ndi ku Asia. Mwachitsanzo, makampani Slovak, amene aganyali Uzbekistan, kupeza asanu yaikulu komanso misika kukula yachangu (CIS).

ogwira ntchito

Chapakati ku Asia Republic akhala gwero kwambiri ntchito. Uzbekistan - adzakhale ndi ambiri boma, lomwe ndi pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda pakati pa East ndi West. Kuyambira kale, ndi malo a ndende ya maphunziro ndi kafukufuku mabungwe komanso smithy cha anthu ogwira kwambiri oyenerera.

Today Uzbekistan mu chuma padziko lonse zachokera ntchito ya omaliza maphunziro mayunivesite 65 ya dziko (wofunika kwambiri katswiri mafakitale ndi luso m'madera). Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1943, ntchito mu mabwalo Academy of Sciences. Amakhala ndi mabungwe kafukufuku khumi. luso fungulo ili chikufotokoza osati dziko, koma lonselo la ku Central Asia dera. A nambala yaikulu ya Chiuzibeki ntchito nawo chuma Russian. Chifukwa ntchito mu RF achinyamata yogwira amayenda ambiri.

abwenzi malonda

Kumvetsa mmene chuma cha Uzbekistan zachitika mu dziko pa zaka 25 za ufulu, tisaiwale kuti kumagwirizana ndi misika zingapo zazikulu - CIS, Asia South, East ndi South-East Asia, ku Middle East, Afghanistan, ndi pakati ndi Eastern Europe.

Kusakanikirana osati amapereka ubwino, koma Ikuonetsanso mabwalo osatetezeka masoka kunja kwa kunja. Mwachitsanzo, padziko lonse zachuma vuto la 2008-2009. Zinachititsa ndalama kwambiri chuma cha dziko. Kuthana ndi vuto boma linavomereza pulogalamu odana ndi mavuto. M'kupita kwa wakhala inapita wamakono, kusinthidwa mafakitale kiyi, yafupika ndalama mowa mphamvu, kuchuluka mpikisano wa opanga, pakhale zomangamanga ano, kwambiri analimbitsa liquidity komanso lodalirika banki ndi chuma. Malinga ndi pulogalamu inayamba ntchito zoposa 300 zofunika, zomwe totaled biliyoni 43 dollars.

Pofuna kukhazikitsa zikulumikizana zachuma ndi dziko lakunja kwa zaka 90 dziko anali kulenga kuchokera zikande ndi mabungwe angapo. Pa malo oyamba ndi Utumiki wa Relations Economic zakunja, Customs Service, ndi Bank National kwa Affairs Economic okhonda. nyumba izi akulamuliridwa ndi nduna ya Atumiki a Uzbekistan. Pankhani ya kwambiri zipinda abwenzi maziko a malonda (ndi UK, US, Germany ndi mayiko ena). Lero, ndi ufulu kulowa msika yachilendo amagwira ntchito mwa zikwi ziwiri mabizinezi lalikulu la mayiko a ku Central Asia (mabungwe, anzanu, ndi zina zotero. D.). Lingathe katundu wa Uzbekistan zachitika pamodzi ndi liberalization pang'onopang'ono mgwirizano padziko lonse chuma cha dziko.

malonda

Pa zaka zapitazi 10, ogwira ntchito payekha kusauka zopereka zawo ku GDP la Uzbekistan (kwa 30% 50%). Makamaka noticeable tochepa mu zomangamanga, ulimi, gawo ntchito malonda. losafunika chikukulirakulirabe makampani kuwala.

atatu a iwo akugwira ntchito mu bizinesi yaing'ono (kapena eni polimbana ndi, kapena ntchito ndi mabwana ngati) pa anthu anayi ntchito Uzbekistan. Chiwerengerochi pokhapokha kuwonjezeka. Chaka chilichonse, ogwira ntchito payekha amapereka dziko ndi theka-miliyoni ntchito (pafupifupi theka la iwo ali mu ulimi, 36% mu gawo utumiki, 20% kwa makampani). Khola malonda chitukuko Uzbekistan kumalimbitsa udindo wa mphamvu zazikulu dera.

Utatha Soviet Union pamaso boma panafunika kulenga yabwino chimango malamulo kukhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito mabizinezi ang'onoang'ono payekha. Kenako, ndondomeko ya kalembera wa bizinesi aliyense payekha facilitates ndi modernized. Limodzi ndi kusintha amenewa ikuchitika, zokhudzana misonkho (linakhazikitsidwa latsopano msonkho malamulo).

Business ndi boma

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti posachedwapa 2011 anapatsidwa u Pulezidenti wa ku Central Asia Republic of Islam Karimov "Chaka cha tochepa kwambiri ndipo entrepreneurship payekha." Mtumiki wa chuma cha Uzbekistan (tsopano positi ali wotanganidwa ndi Saidova Galina Karimovna) m'malo mwa munthu woyamba anagonjera boma pulogalamu ya miyeso zofunika kukopa ndalama zatsopano ndi zikamera ntchito yatsopano. Makamaka, bajeti kupereka mizere munthu ngongole ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ndi njira ya tochepa m'dzikolo.

A pulogalamu osiyana ukugwira ntchito m'munda wa entrepreneurship mu ulimi. State Co-ndalama nyumba akumidzi a Uzbekistan. Kale nokha zomangamanga ichi ndi nthaka yachonde chitukuko zina bizinesi. Kukula ritelo malonda, ntchito gawo, bizinesi. Borrowers, alimi akalandire chithandizo ŵakwenera mu kukongoza ndi ndalama zofunika kugwiritsa ntchito payekha.

Malinga ndi mkhalidwe "Program chitukuko cha madera a kumidzi" kumidzi makampani kumanga yaing'ono. About chikwi Makampani Zonsezi ntchito zikwi makumi anai antchito yomanga aluso. Pakuti Uzbekistan, komanso dziko lina lililonse kusintha, n'kofunika kulenga chilengedwe mpikisano m'madera onse, kuti tipitirize malondawo silikadakhala malangizo okha.

malonda Small zimakhudza ntchito, komanso ena zinthu chikhalidwe mu boma. Only chitukuko cha entrepreneurship zimapangitsa ntchito kothandiza kwambiri chuma ntchito anthu. Imalimbikitsa bwino ndi chidaliro cha anthu m'tsogolo ndipo ndi yofunika galimoto kutsatira mfundo dziko kwa patsogolo.

Kupambana kapena wolephera?

Mmodzi wa zofooka chifungulo cha chuma yamakono ya Uzbekistan ndi kudalira kwake pa katundu tirigu. kupanga zoweta chimakwirira yokha kotala akufunika okwana kwa izi. Amapanga, chuma mabwalo ndi motere: ulimi amapereka 17% ya GDP, nchito utumiki - 50%, makampani - 25%.

Zimene zikuchitika ku Uzbekistan kunja bwino mabungwe m'malo weniweni. Dziko adatsekedwa zambiri danga. Mokoma dongosolo chuma kudziwika yekha ndi sefa lolimba mfundo boma. Ambiri, chikhalidwe authoritarian wa boma Uzbekistan zimaonekera chuma yokha. Ndi maganizo, ngati chifukwa, pa dzanja limodzi, monga msika akufotokozera, ndi pa dzanja ena amaona mavuto akuluakulu poyesa kuchepetsa makampani kofunika kwambiri.