Bookplate - ndichiyani? Bookplate: zithunzi

Fans ndi okhometsa kusonkhanitsa mabuku malaibulale awo kwambiri mabuku, omwe ali ndi mbiri yake. Pofuna kuteteza chuma chawo, bibliophiles ndi connoisseurs glued kapena stamped pa masamba a mabuku, zizindikiro buku - bookplate. Kodi izo, ndi kumene izo zikuchokera, momwe izo zimachitika ndi momwe kuti izi "likutipatsa aphorism," kuyesera kuti ndikuuzeni inu m'nkhani ino.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Tamasulira kuchokera ku Latin ku Russian Eks libris amatanthauza "mabuku." Iwo inextricably zogwirizana ndi mbiri ya mabuku ndi anaonekera zokambirana akale - scriptoria m'malo kumene folios zinalembedwa. Kumeneko anayamba zolemba otchedwa eni 'pa mabuku, kuyambira ndi mawu akuti "ku laibulale" kapena "mabuku", ndipo akusonyeza dzina ndi dzina mwini kapena dzina ya agulupa kapena laibulale.

amakono ndi bwino kuti ife kuyang'ana wake wa chizindikiro pepala kuzilemba mkati mwa bukhu kumanga, bookplate unkayenera typography ndi ambuye German. Nthawi zina zosiyana kwambiri - losavuta ndi kukongoletsa, wakuda ndi oyera ndi mtundu. Mophweka kwambiri Mwachitsanzo, bwino kuti aliyense wa ife ku ubwana - laibulale bookplate affixed mabuku operekedwa kusukulu. Azisangalala ndi kanthu, koma amanyamula zofunika za mwini kabuku.

Bookplate - Eks Libris - osati sichinasinthe, mafashoni zidzachitike nthawi imeneyo, zokonda ndi zokonda za eni ndipo ngakhale hardware ntchito yosindikiza zimakhudza maonekedwe ake.

Monga ulamuliro, bookplate tokha encrypted akanayesetsa wamkulu kapena wamng'ono zokhudza mwini, dzina lake ndi dzina loyamba, ntchito, maganizo, zokonda. Pali nthawi pamene anachoka exlibris ali ndi amtengo wapatali kuposa buku lenilenilo, imene ili.

Pamene iwo afika kumeneko?

Mafunso ngati bookplate - izo ziri, ndikofunika kukapeza komwe ndi momwe anachita zodabwitsazi luso.

Malinga ndi asayansi, bookplate woyamba ali mu British Museum, ndipo linali Amenhotep IV ndi kunayamba XIV m'ma BC. e. Mtima wofuna kudziwa umwini wa zinthu zamtengo wapatali monga mabuku, n'zomveka ndithu. Only anthu amphamvu kwambiri ndiponso olemera akanatha kukhala Zolembedwa ndi anayesa kudziwa katundu ufulu adzausunga.

Pambuyo kuoneka mabuku oyamba kusindikizidwa ku Germany, anthu anatenga bookplates, chimene chingalowe kudziwa mwini. The wamkulu olembedwa German bookplate amatanthauza 1450, ndi French Zhana Berto La ulendo Blanche - kwa 1529.

Munthu woyamba wa English, Dutch ndi wakale Italy libris anaonekera mu 1579, 1597 ndi 1622, motero.

Gawo ndi mitundu

Ali kusanduka kwa zaka zambiri, zizindikiro buku wachinsinsi mu zotsatirazi mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri:

• wosasintha - kuonetsera yekha dzina ndi dzina la mwini;
• luso, anaphedwa mu mawonekedwe a chithunzi kakang'ono, mwachidule kuwauza za laibulale makamu.

Tiyeni tione luso bookplate, ndi ndi chimene maganizo ake. Onse atatu:

1. Sitampu ndi khalidwe la zaka XVI-XVII, izo zinasonyeza odula manja a mwini. Izo analengedwa monga mwa malamulo heraldic luso.
2. Monogram m'gulu luso ankachitira Maina a mwini. Chotero bookplate (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) Tingaone nkhaniyi.
3. Zochitika kwambiri kukongoletsa ndi akhoza zigwirizana zinthu zambiri, kuganizira zokonda, ntchito ndi masewera a mwini.

Kuti iwo akuimilira?

Ngati kale zizindikiro buku anapambana zizindikiro ndi Maina, bookplates ano nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magawo awiri: luso ndi malemba. Ndipo ngati mu lolembedwa pa miyambo amasonyeza buku umembala ndi mwini makamaka, fano akhoza kukhala mwamtheradi chilichonse. Pamene bookplates cholinga, aluso akufunsidwa kusonyeza mbali ya moyo kapena mwini laibulale zinthu. Chotero chophiphiritsa chifaniziro kwenikweni, mmene zingakhale chithunzi kapena malo, kayanso chokongoletsera zinthu laibulale zomangamanga grotesque kapena caricatured. Palibe ufulu ena kuposa malingaliro makasitomala ndi luso la chithunzicho.

Mu nthawi Soviet anali bookplates otchuka ndi chithunzi cha Lenin, nkhani ndi ngwazi ya Civil ndi Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, ntchito amapezera mwayi ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba, anagonjetsa danga.

Kodi angachite kuti?

Masiku ano pali njira zambiri yopangira bookplates:

• typesetting;
• sitampu;
• zincographic;
• lithography;
• silika mafilimu yosindikiza;
• zipsera pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.

Kuona mwachidule njira zosiyanasiyana zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene anapanga bookplate buku.

woodcutting

Imodzi mwa njira wamkulu ndi thabwa - chosema, anachita pa mtengo. Kale mu BC VIII atumwi. e. East kulandira zipsera apamwamba ku ankachitira pamalo nkhuni, ndi XIV m'ma njira zofanana wakhala ntchito Europe. Ife wotchedwa mtundu uwu woodcuts odulidwa, adatengedwa iye ndi kotenga anaona kudula nkhuni zofewa, kawirikawiri peyala, chisel ndi mpeni. Chifukwa cha kulimbikira nkhuni ndondomeko ulusi anali yaitali ndipo yolemetsa. Mu XVIII m'ma English engraver Thomas Bewick anatulukira njira kuthetsa chosema anaphedwa pa zigawo mtanda olimba nkhuni wodula zapadera. Mtundu uwu wa zojambula mochita kugoba msanga zinatchuka chifukwa amaloledwa kutenga mizere woonda ndi woyera, kuya chofunika ndi kusintha yosalala kuunika ndi malo amdima.

Chosema pa mkuwa

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira zakale kulenga zipsera anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XIV ku Italy. Iwo imagwiridwa ndi kudula wapadera chitsanzo wodula kwa mkuwa ndi wotsatira kudzazidwa ndi grooves analandira utoto. Motsatira chitsanzo ichi kusindikizidwa opanikizika, yonyowa, absorbent utoto pepala. Njira imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri kuphedwa, chifukwa inu simungathe kusintha chilichonse kapena kusintha.

etching

Izi ndi njira yotchuka kwambiri ya opanga ndi exlibrises asidi etching chitsanzo pa nthaka kapena mkuwa mbale. Choyamba, pa bolodi yokutidwa ndi zitsulo ndi ntchito yapadera lacquer zikuchokera zochokera sera ndi zinthu utomoni wonunkhira. Pamene varnish ndi Unalimbitsa, wojambula afika singano wapadera, kuvumbula zitsulo chitsanzo. Kamodzi fano ndi anasamutsidwa, mbale ndi choviikidwa mu chidebe asidi nitric umachititsa zitsulo. Pa oyera kwa asidi varnish analandira pamwamba chitsanzo.

modernity

Ngati ojambula zithunzi kale bookplates umatulutsa woodcuts kapena etchings, lero ambiri bookplates kuzera ndi mphira sitampu cliché. Modern zida luso walola kuti kulembapo zinthu zing'onozing'ono bookplates kuti amalola kuti alenge ntchito zovuta luso.

Zolemba buku Russia

Kwa XVIII m'ma m'mipukutu Russian, ndipo pofuna iwo eni monga kuchita "possessory mutu", mu dzina loyamba ndi lomaliza anagawanika. Chifukwa cha Russian osindikizira mpainiya Ivanu Fedorovu loyamba kusindikizidwa bookplate anaonekera m'zaka za m'ma XVIII. Poyamba, anali kokha sitampu image, koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka chiwembu zojambula anapereka ndi Mwambi mwachidule, kusonyeza malo umoyo khamu. Mu ulamuliro wa Peter Ine mabuku yakale anakhala ambiri ndipo akubwera mu kachitidwe bookplate. Zojambula, kugwiritsidwa pa TV kusindikiza anthu ndi kukhala mutu wa kukambirana kuwalitsa za chikhalidwe cha mwini.

Mu XIX m'ma luntha yogwira wosanjikiza aumbike mwa Russia, ndi laibulale payekha unasiya kukhala chizindikiro cha mwayi. Anthu ambiri ophunzira, asayansi, olemba pang'onopang'ono anapanga ndi laibulale yaikulu kwambiri. Zimenezi zathandizira kuti kufalitsa za lonse la bookplates, koma zinachititsa kuti zosabvuta ake. M'malo kumusangalatsa crests banja kapena monograms anaonekera chimango wabwinobwino, anapanga pepala logwirika, zomwe agwirizane ndi deta ya mwini malo okhazikika mabuku - chipinda bookcase ndi maalumali.

Mu XX m'ma bookplate amakhala pafupifupi palokha polemba chinenero luso la zojambulajambula. Izi anali ntchito ndi chakuti mu Russia mtundu wanyimbo unkachita mwa ojambula zithunzi ngati wotchuka ngati dzina lake Aleksandr Benua, Leon Bakst, Georgy Narbut, Elena Lancer, Mikhail Dobuzhinsky, ndi ena ambiri. , Imatchedwanso kuti yekha bookplate Vasnetsov analengedwa mu 1901, kukhala enieni, kuletsa yosindikiza "Iz knig NDI Ostroukhova "anachita engraver odziwika nthawi vv Amamuchitira pa fano limene wojambula anapanga mu inki.

Mbiri yamakono ya buku chizindikiro

Pambuyo utasintha 1917 ndi Civil nkhondo panali ya amisiri likutipatsa, monga Nikolai Kupriyanov, Vladimir Favorsky, Alex Kravchenko ndi ambuye ena. Nzika Exlibris kukodzedwa kwambiri, ndipo bookplate anayamba kuuza munthu makhalidwe ndi zokonda za eni mabuku.

Nthawi yotsatira bookplates kutchuka m'dziko lathu anayamba zaka 60-70 Mu zaka zapitazo, pamene anthu anayamba nawo kusonkhanitsa mabuku. Ngakhale kuti ntchito panthawi imeneyo inali yochepa kwambiri maganizo chimango, aluso analenga bookplates ambiri chidwi ndi zachilendo.

Lero, cha m'ma XXI, chidwi exlibris ndi wolimba. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti ambiri a m'nthawi yathu atakhala ndi munthu, bookplate omwe tinalandira, monga Eks Libris, amene ali pansipa chithunzi.

m'malo mapeto

Panopa, mudapholiwa buku sangokhala kusunga umphumphu laibulale, komanso zinthu collectible. Iwo akhoza kukuuzani zambiri za nyengo makamaka, eni ndi Olinganiza zoikidwiratu zawo. Mafunso ngati bookplate - izo ziri, tikhoza kunena kuti si mtundu wanyimbo amakono a luso la zojambulajambula, komanso cholinga kukumbukira nthawi makedzana ndi amuna.