Zambiri mkuzamawu transistors ndi dzanja. Mkuzamawu pa transistor limodzi: chiwembu

Mkuzamawu transistors, ngakhale mbiri yake kale, ndi ankakonda phunziro la, oyamba ndi hams wolemekezeka. Ndipo zimenezi n'zomveka. Ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri kwambiri zipangizo wailesi misa zofufuzafufuza: amalandira wailesi ndi amplifiers mu otsika (Sonic) pafupipafupi. Tidzamva mmene kumanga yosavuta amplifiers otsika pafupipafupi transistors.

Pafupipafupi zimene mkuzamawu ndi

Yakanema kapena wailesi, uliwonse pakati nyimbo kapena mkuzamawu transistor mungapeze amplifiers zomvetsera (otsika pafupipafupi - LF). Kusiyana pakati pa amplifiers zomvetsera transistor ndi zina ndi makhalidwe awo pafupipafupi.

Audio mkuzamawu transistors ali ayankhe pafupipafupi lathyathyathya mu gulu pafupipafupi ku 15 Hz 20 kHz. Izi zikutanthauza kuti athandizira zizindikiro zonse ndi pafupipafupi moyandikira izi, mkuzamawu otembenuka (ukuwonjezeka) pafupifupi mofanana. chithunzi m'munsimu chikusonyeza ndondomeko "phindu mkuzamawu Ku - Lowetsani pafupipafupi" pamapindikira limasonyeza abwino pafupipafupi khalidwe kwa mkuzamawu audio.

pamapindikira ili pafupi kuphwa kwa 15 Hz 20 kHz. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kukhala ndendende athandizira zizindikiro ndi mafurikwense pakati pa 15 Hz ndi 20 kHz. Pakuti chizindikiro athandizira ndi mafurikwense pamwamba 20 kHz ndi pansi 15 Hz Mwachangu ndi khalidwe la ntchito yake mofulumira ndichepe.

Mtundu pafupipafupi khalidwe la mkuzamawu ndi anatsimikiza ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zamagetsi (asanafe) a dera ake, makamaka transistors okha. Audio mkuzamawu transistors zambiri anasonkhana pa otchedwa otsika ndi sing'anga pafupipafupi transistor ndi bandiwifi okwana chizindikiro athandizira ku makumi ndi mazana a Hz 30 kHz.

ntchito kalasi mkuzamawu

Monga amadziwika, malingana ndi mlingo wa Landilani otaya panopa panthawi izo kupyolera siteji transistor mkuzamawu (mkuzamawu) kusiyanitsa ntchito zotsatirazi makalasi ake: "A", "B", "AB", "C", "D".

Ntchito kalasi panopa "A" imaloŵa kugwa pa nyengo 100% athandizira chizindikiro. kugwa ntchito mu kalasi lotsatira chikusonyeza zojambula.

Mu gulu la ntchito za siteji mkuzamawu "AB" utuluke panopa therethrough oposa 50% koma zosakwana 100% ya nthawi athandizira (onani. Chithunzi m'munsimu).

Mu gulu la kugwa "B" utuluke panopa therethrough ndendende 50% ya nthawi mbendera athandizira, monga mmene chithunzicho.

Ndipo potsiriza mu kalasi ya kugwa "C" panopa umayenda therethrough zosakwana 50% ya nthawi athandizira chizindikiro.

LF mkuzamawu transistors: kuwapotoza zikuluzikulu ntchito m'kalasi

M'munda wa transistor mkuzamawu opaleshoni Maphunziro "A" ali mlingo wochepa wa kupotoza amgwirizano. Koma ngati mbendera ali ndi mpweya voteji zimachitika, wopita ku machulukitsidwe wa transistors, ndi harmonics apamwamba (kwa mphindi 11) azaonekera iliyonse "zonse" linanena bungwe amgwirizano. Izi zimapangitsa chodabwitsa wa transistor otchedwa, kapena phokoso zachitsulo.

Ngati mphamvu amplifiers LF transistors ndi mphamvu mulibe malamulo oletsa, chizindikiro awo linanena bungwe ndi modulated kufupi matalikidwe kwa mains pafupipafupi. Apa tikutengegeredwa ku chinthu chimodzimodzi kwa mawu m'mphepete kumanzere mmene pafupipafupi. njira zosiyanasiyana kuti olimba wa mkuzamawu voteji zimapangitsa kapangidwe zovuta zambiri.

Chitsanzo Mwachangu umodzi lofotokozera kalasi A mkuzamawu si upambana 20% chifukwa cha transistor zonse poyera ndi otaya apitirize zonse chigawo chimodzi panopa. Mukhoza kuchita kalasi A Kankhani-Chikoka mkuzamawu, dzuwa ndi zingawonjezere penapake, koma theka-yoweyula mbendera adzakhala olakwikawo. Translation a siteji ya ntchito kalasi "A" mu ntchito kalasi "AB" ukuwonjezeka kanayi amgwirizano kukhota, ngakhale dzuwa chiwembu wake mu nkhani iyi ndi kuchuluka.

Mu amplifiers chomwecho kalasi "AB" ndi "B" kuwapotoza kuonjezera monga kuchepetsa mlingo chizindikiro. Involuntarily kerf ndikufuna mkuzamawu mokweza kumaliza Timatha mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya nyimbo, koma zambiri zilibe kuthandiza.

makalasi wapakatikati ntchito

Mu ntchito kalasi "A" ali ngati - kalasi "A +". Choncho, otsika-voteji athandizira transistors wa mkuzamawu izi kalasi ukugwira ntchito kalasi "A" ndi mkulu-voteji transistors linanena bungwe la mkuzamawu ndi kuposa pamene athandizira chizindikiro awo tipite enaake mu makalasi "V" kapena "AB". Mtengo wa cascades amenewa kuposa wangwiro kalasi "A", pamene osalunjika kupotoza zochepa (0.003%). Komabe iwo kuwomba "zachitsulo" chifukwa kukhalapo kwa harmonics apamwamba mu mbendera linanena bungwe.

Mu gulu lina la amplifiers - "AA" mlingo wa kupotoza amgwirizano ngakhale m'munsi - za 0,0005%, koma harmonics apamwamba komanso alipo.

Bwererani ku transistor mkuzamawu a kalasi "A"?

Lero, akatswiri ambiri m'munda wa apamwamba phokoso kubalana ochirikiza kubwerera ku amplifiers chubu, kuyambira mlingo wa kupotoza amgwirizano ndi harmonics anayambitsa ndi iwo mu mbendera linanena bungwe, mwachionekere poyerekeza wa transistors. Komabe, ubwino ndi kuchepetsa ndi Mbali yaikulu kufunika kwa thiransifoma ofananira pakati pa siteji zonyamula chubu linanena bungwe ndi otsika impedance okamba audio. Komabe, transistors yosavuta ndi mphamvu zikhoza kupangidwa ndi linanena bungwe thiransifoma, monga adzakhala pansipa.

Palinso maganizo kuti mtheradi phokoso khalidwe zitha kupereka wosakanizidwa chubu-transistor mkuzamawu, zomwe magawo osakwatiwa-mkombero si ataphimbidwa ndi maganizo oipa , ndipo ntchito mu kalasi "A". Ndiye kuti, ndi repeater ndi mkuzamawu mphamvu transistor limodzi. dera ikhoza zotheka Mwachangu ake pazipita (mu kalasi "A") si oposa 50%. Koma ngakhale mphamvu, ngakhale dzuwa mkuzamawu ali zimasonyeza khalidwe la kubalana phokoso. zofunika kwambiri amamangirira khalidwe ndi linearity wa asanafe mu dera la.

Popeza osakwatiwa-inatha madera wotere maganizo, tikambirana pansipa mwayi awo.

Single-lofotokozera mkuzamawu pa transistor limodzi

Chiwembu izo, zopangidwa ndi emitter wamba ndi RC-kumangidwa pa athandizira ndi linanena bungwe chizindikiro kwa kalasi "A" chili m'munsimu.

Pali kukuonetsedwa dongosolo transistor Q1 npn. wokhometsa ake kudzera panopa Kuchepetsa resistor R3 chikugwirizana kwa osachiritsika zabwino + Vcc, ndi emitter - kuti -Vcc. Mphamvu transistor pnp dongosolo adzakhala ndi dera lomwelo, koma magetsi malo swapped.

C1 - kutsekereza capacitor, umene AC athandizira mbendera ndi wosiyana ndi DC voteji Vcc. Pankhaniyi, C1 samaletsa ndime ya AC athandizira panopa kudzera Mphambano "maziko -. Q1 transistor emitter" Resistors R1 ndi R2 pamodzi ndi kusintha kukana "E - B" kupanga voteji wogawira Vcc kusankha opaleshoni mfundo za transistor Q1 mu mode malo amodzi. Chitsanzo wadera izi mtengo wa R2 = 1 kohm, ndi udindo wa mfundo opaleshoni - Vcc / 2. R3 ndi katundu resistor ndi wokhometsa dera ntchito kulenga wokhometsa AC linanena bungwe voteji.

Kungoganiza kuti Vcc = 20 V, R2 = 1 kohm, ndipo panopa amveke chinthu H = 150. The voteji pa emitter wa sankhani Ve = 9 V, ndi voteji dontho kudutsa Mphambano "E - B" amaganiza wofanana Vbe = 0,7 V. Khalidwe limeneli limagwirizana otchedwa transistors pakachitsulo. Ngati Takambirana mkuzamawu pa transistors germanium, ndi voteji dontho pa kusintha lotseguka "E - B" adzakhala wofanana Vbe = 0,3 V.

emitter panopa pafupifupi wofanana wokhometsa panopa

Ie = 9 B / 1 K = 9 MA ≈ Ic.

Base panopa Ib = Ic / h = 9 Ma / 150 = 60 uA.

The voteji dontho kudutsa resistor R1

V (R1) = Vcc - Vb = Vcc - (Vbe + Ve) = 20 V - 9.7 V = 10,3 V,

R1 = V (R1) / Ib = 10,3 V / 60 Ma = 172 Ohm.

C2 chofunika kulenga unyolo kudutsa pa AC chigawo chimodzi cha emitter (wokhometsa panopa kwenikweni). Ngati icho sichinali, ndiye resistor R2 kwambiri womangika kwa chigawo AC, kotero kuti nkhani mphamvu ochititsa kuti transistor adzakhala ndi otsika phindu panopa.

Mu kuwerengetsera zathu ankaganiza kuti Ic = Ib H, kumene Ib - m'munsi panopa kupita mu icho kuchokera emitter ndi kumachitika pamene ntchito kwa kukondera m'munsi. Komabe, nthawi zonse kudzera m'munsi (monga pamaso pa kusamutsidwa, ndipo popanda) atuluka kwambiri ndi kutayikira panopa Icb0 wokhometsa. Choncho, kwenikweni wokhometsa panopa ndi Ic = Ib H + Icb0 H, i.e. kutayikira ziliri pa dera ndi MA nakweza nthawi 150. Ngati Takambirana mkuzamawu pa transistors germanium, mfundo imeneyi ayenera n'komwe mu kuwerengetsera lapansi. chakuti transistors germanium ndi chidwi Icb0 kuti a microamps ochepa. Mu pakachitsulo, iye madongosolo atatu zoopsa wocheperako (za Na angapo), kotero iwo kawirikawiri anawanyalanyaza kuwerengetsera lapansi.

Single-lofotokozera mkuzamawu ndi mos-transistor

Mofanana ndi FET aliyense mkuzamawu, ankaona chiwembu ali mnzake ake pakati pa amplifiers pa transistors ochititsa kuti. Choncho, tikambirana za m'mbuyomo madera analogi ndi emitter wamba. Chopangidwa kuchokera ku gwero wamba ndi RC-kumangidwa pa athandizira ndi linanena bungwe chizindikiro kwa kalasi "A" ndipo pansipa.

Pali C1 - ndi kutsekereza capacitor, umene AC athandizira mbendera ndi wosiyana ndi DC voteji Vdd. Monga amadziwika, aliyense mkuzamawu FET ayenera kukhala chipata angathe Mis ake transistors pansipa magwero angathe. M'dera ichi chipata ndi otsendereka resistor R1, ndi zambiri ndi kukana mkulu (100 kOhm 1 MOhm), si shunted kwa mbendera athandizira. Panopa kudzera R1 pafupifupi alibe pochitika, choncho angathe chipata pamene palibe chizindikiro athandizira ndi wofanana ndi kuthekera pansi. The angathe gwero pamwamba angathe pansi chifukwa dontho la voteji kudutsa resistor R2. Choncho, chipata angathe n'chozama kupitirira angathe chimene chili chofunika ntchito wabwinobwino wa Q1. The capacitor C2 ndi resistor R3 ndi ntchito mofanana mu chiwembu m'mbuyomu. Popeza dera lino ndi yodziwika, ndiye athandizira ndi linanena bungwe chizindikiro ndi gawo ankatembenukira ndi 180 °.

Mkuzamawu ndi thiransifoma linanena bungwe

A lachitatu yosavuta kumva gawo mkuzamawu transistors tikuonera chithunzi pansipa amenenso kukhazikitsidwa ndi wamba-emitter ntchito mu kalasi "A", koma ndi otsika impedance wokamba izo chikugwirizana kupyolera thiransifoma ofananira.

Chachikulu kumulowetsa wa thiransifoma T1 ndi katundu wokhometsa wa transistor Q1 ndi dera akufotokozera ndi linanena bungwe mbendera. T1 transmits ndi linanena bungwe mbendera wokamba, ndipo amapereka wathunthu mgwirizano linanena bungwe transistor ndi kukana otsika (za ohms angapo) impedance wokamba.

Voteji wogawira wokhometsa mphamvu zoyendetsera Vcc anasonkhana resistors R1 ndi R3 amapereka kusankha mfundo opaleshoni ya transistor Q1 (cha kukondera voteji pa maziko ake). Kusankha zinthu otsala a mkuzamawu ali yemweyo monga njira m'mbuyomu.

Kankhani-Chikoka zomvetsera mkuzamawu

Kukankhira-Chikoka mkuzamawu LF transistors awiri amang'amba athandizira zomvetsera chizindikiro pafupipafupi ndi awiri antiphase theka-yoweyula, omwe kumatheka chifukwa siteji yake transistor. Atam'chiritsa ngati theka-yoweyula amveke amaphatikizidwa mu yofunika amgwirizano chizindikiro chimene imafalikira dongosolo wolankhulayo. Chotero otsika pafupipafupi chizindikiro kutembenuka mtima (akuwaza ndi kukonzanso merging) mwachibadwa amachititsa kuwapotoza sizingasinthe momwemo chifukwa kusiyana kwa pafupipafupi ndi katundu zazikulu za madera awiri transistor. kuwapotoza awa ndi kuchepetsedwa zomvetsera khalidwe pa mkuzamawu linanena bungwe.

Kankhani-Chikoka mkuzamawu kugwira ntchito mu kalasi "A" si bwino kubereka zovuta phokoso chizindikiro, ngati zonse phindu masiku ano kuchuluka mosalekeza amalowa mapewa awo. Apa tikutengegeredwa ku unbalance wa theka mafunde chizindikiro gawo kupotoza ndipo pamapeto pake imfa ya intelligibility wa phokoso. Ndi Kutentha, awiri transistors mphamvu kuchuluka kawiri kupotozedwa otsika ndi subsonic pafupipafupi chizindikiro. Komabe, ntchito yaikulu ya dera Kankhani-Chikoka ndi dzuwa ake chovomerezeka ndi kuchuluka mphamvu linanena bungwe.

Kukankhira-kukoka mphamvu mkuzamawu dera ndi transistors zikusonyezedwa mkuyu.

mkuzamawu amagwira ntchito mu kalasi "A" koma angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi gulu la "AB", ndipo ngakhale "B".

Transformerless mphamvu mkuzamawu transistor

Transformers, ngakhale patsogolo miniaturization zawo zonse chomwecho bulky, olemera ndi mtengo asanafe. Choncho, anapezeka njira kuthetseratu thiransifoma ya dera Kankhani-Chikoka akamadzapereka pa transistors kwambiri awiri Kugwirizana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana (npn ndi pnp). Ambiri amplifiers amakono mphamvu ntchito mfundo imeneyi ndi tinapangidwa ntchito mu kalasi "B". Chithunzi cha chotero mkuzamawu mphamvu pansipa.

Onse transistor ake imakonzedwa monga wamba wokhometsa (emitter wotsatira). Choncho, dera la Zosintha athandizira voteji kuti linanena bungwe popanda amveke. Ngati athandizira chizindikiro palibe, transistors onse ali pa malire a pa boma, koma mwadzidzidzi.

Pamene mbendera amgwirizano ali inputted, umathandiza zabwino theka-yoweyula TR1, koma ayenera pnp TR2 transistor mokwanira mode cutoff. Motero, ndi yekhayo zabwino theka-yoweyula ndi nakweza utuluke panopa kudzera katundu. The zoipa theka-yoweyula athandizira chizindikiro akutsegula yekha atseka TR2 ndi TR1, kotero kuti mphamvu katundu amaperekedwa kwa zoipa theka-yoweyula panopa. Chifukwa, katundu adzamasulidwa mokwanira mphamvu phindu (chifukwa panopa amveke) sinusoidal chizindikiro.

Mkuzamawu pa transistor limodzi

Pakuti kuloŵerera zimenezi kusonkhanitsa mkuzamawu transistors yosavuta ndi manja awo ndi kuona mmene ntchito.

Mu m'gulu zazikulu dera T. kudyetsa mphamvu dera otsika monga katundu transistor BC107 mtundu T kuphatikizapo headsets ndi kulimbikira ohms 2-3, ndi kukondera voteji maziko a adzapereka zonyamula mtengo resistor R * 1 MOhm, ndi decoupling capacitance electrolytic capacitor C wa microfarads 10 100 microfarads adzatero batire 4.5V / 0,3 AA

Ngati resistor R * si chikugwirizana, palibe m'munsi panopa Ib kapena Ic wa wokhometsa panopa. Ngati resistor ndi chikugwirizana, ndi voteji pa m'munsi limatuluka kuti 0,7 V, ndipo kudzera wasefukira panopa Ib = 4 MA. The phindu panopa transistor 250 ndiyofanana ndi kuti amapereka Ic = 250Ib = 1 MA.

Mwa kubweretsa mkuzamawu transistors yosavuta ndi manja awo, tikhoza tsopano nacho. Pulagi mu Zomverera anu ndi kuika chala chanu pa mfundo 1 dera la. Munva phokoso. Thupi lanu amaona cheza mains okwanira pa pafupipafupi 50 Hz. The phokoso munamva kwa Zomverera, ndi cheza uli ndi mphamvu transistor. Tiyeni tione ndondomeko izi mwatsatanetsatane. AC voteji ndi pafupipafupi 50 Hz chikugwirizana m'munsi mwa transistor kudzera ndi capacitor C. The voteji pa m'munsi tsopano wofanana Uwerenge DC kukondera voteji (pafupifupi 0,7 V), akubwera kuchokera resistor R *, ndi AC voteji "ndi chala." Chifukwa, wokhometsa panopa analandira kuchokera AC chigawo pafupipafupi 50 Hz. Izi panopa alternating ntchito kuloza wokamba zakulera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo ndi pafupipafupi chomwecho, chimene chikutanthauza kuti ife tikakhale akumva kamvekedwe ka 50 Hz linanena bungwe.

Play 50 Hz phokoso si yosangalatsa kwambiri, angathe chikugwirizana ndi mfundo 1 ndi 2, otsika-pafupipafupi chizindikiro gwero (CD-player kapena maikolofoni) ndi kuzikonzanso akumva mawu, kapena nyimbo.