Economics Azerbaijan: kapangidwe ndi mbali

Mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa mayiko a Soviet Union, ndasunga mtengo mwachilungamo mkulu wa kukula kwa GDP - Azerbaijan. chuma kukula likunena, ngakhale kuti vuto la 2008 anali kwambiri mukopedwe magawo zonse bwinobwino utachepa poyerekeza ndi chisanadze mavuto kuchuluka kwa kukula mu madera onse a ntchito mafakitale. Komabe, kukula kwa mmodzi wa atsogoleri dziko GDP akadali Azerbaijan. Economy anapulumuka chifukwa wolowa mphamvu, komanso mu dziko lino akhala akuyendera miyeso odana ndi mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe kuwombola yachilendo anapeza mu nyengo chisanadze mavuto nthawi.

mbali

Dziko olemera mu South Caucasus - Azerbaijan. ndalama zake ndi kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za GDP mayiko ena onse m'chigawochi. 2005 ndi 2008, kukula weniweni anafika 24,1% pachaka, ndi mtengo wapatali kwambiri chifukwa nthawi zonse kuyambira kugwa Soviet. Zinali Boom weniweni chuma, ndi mlingo wa kukula mtsogoleri chonse mu dziko wakhala Azerbaijan. Economy ndi lalikulu kwambiri moti ananyamuka chifukwa ntchito yogwira lingathe zinthu zachirengedwe: amaphunzira madipoziti watsopano chimasanduka, wonjezerani kuchuluka kwa kupanga mphamvu, kukopa ndalama zakunja mwachindunji, mafuta ndi gasi mapaipi zinamangidwa, chikuwonjezereka wolowa katundu mafuta, mafuta ndiponso gasi. Choncho zotsatira: ndi mavuto transformational wa nineties wakhala kwathunthu kuthana ndi GDP pa mitengo zonse ananyamuka ndi 2008 peresenti zana ndi zisanu poyerekeza 1990. chuma Azerbaijan mu 2017 Tidzakambirana kufanana monga imeneyi chisomo.

ndalama zakunja mwachindunji makamaka anatsimikiza kupambana awa, ndipo, ndithudi, chochuluka (pafupifupi mwathunthu) iwo anapita mafuta ndi gasi gawo. Khumi zoyambirira za m'ma 21 wasonyeza kuti ndalama kunja mwa magawo awiri inkakhala ndalama mwachindunji, ndipo nthawi (mwachitsanzo, zaka ziwiri isanafike 2004), iwo ayesedwe zoposa makumi asanu ndi anayi pa zana a ngongole onse achilendo ndi chuma. N'chifukwa chake dziko amatha kudziunjikira ndalama kuthetsa vuto la 2008, ndipo chuma cha Azerbaijan sikuti unachitikira mu 2017. "wolimba" ndi tinganene kuti zinthu zikuwayendera. Komabe! Direct ukonde ndalama zakunja kwa zaka zingapo anakokera pa avareji apamwamba padziko lonse - makumi atatu peresenti ya GDP. Komabe, chuma utuluke asintha kwambiri pa nthawi. Kale kuyambira 2004 inflow wa mafuta ndi gasi gawo wayamba kuchepa mphamvu. Komanso, ngakhale outflow unkachitika mu nyengo ya 2006-2008. Koma anali atachita kale - ndalama padera, chitukuko cha deralo migodi bwino analimbikitsa, boma la chuma cha Azerbaijan zinkamuyendera khola, ndipo tsopano mukhoza pang'onopang'ono kukhala ndalama zawo.

Today

Mafuta ndi gasi gawo chogwidwa mpaka 2007, ndi kuti zili ndi ndalama zakunja, pamene chuma zoweta kutukula za mafakitale sanali extractive, amene anaonanso amphamvu kukula chopereka ndithu kuti chuma cha Azerbaijan. Masiku ano, ku mbali yaikulu ndi kuthandiza chikhalidwe mosamala chuma dziko. Kwambiri bwino zomangamanga - madzi, kayendedwe, magetsi, apa anasiya ndalama waukulu m'boma. Chuma cha Azerbaijan mu 2017 wamng'ono anakhudzidwa ndi mavuto azachuma. Koma izi zikhoza kuchitika pokhapokha chifukwa yosavuta kuti kulowetsedwa ya ndalama zakunja mwachindunji mu chitukuko cha madipoziti anali opatsa mwachangu kwambiri anatha kulenga ndi kukhala migodi, kayendedwe, mphamvu, ndi tsono adalandira ndalama zachitukuko cha cigawo, si zogwirizana ndi mafuta.

chuma Azerbaijan masiku ano apuma pa anakhazikitsa dongosolo ano payipi kupereka mafuta ndi mpweya ku dziko msika. Izi payipi mafuta mu 2006 "Baku-Ceyhan" payipi ndi 2007 "Baku-Erzurum mafuta payipi." dziko lino anali ndi Zatsala ndi amagulitsa yaikulu ya mafuta mu Caucasus, ndi kuchokera 2007 anakhala amagulitsa kothandiza kwambiri mpweya. Mafuta kupanga kuchokera 2004 mpaka 2010 chawonjezeka pafupifupi zitatu - matani mamiliyoni 42,3, pamene zogulitsa kunja anakula ngakhale msanga - mu nthawi zitatu ndi theka - matani oposa miliyoni 35,6. Udindo entrepreneurial mu chitukuko cha chuma Azerbaijan ndi yaikulu. World mitengo mafuta ndiye basi anakula kwambiri, koma chifukwa mofulumira kumanga mmwamba mabuku mafuta kupanga zachititsa kuti pafupifupi tenfold kuwonjezera malipiro mafuta katundu (mu 2008 - biliyoni 29,1 madola). Makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri peresenti ya wolowa okwana nkhani cholowa cha gasi, mafuta mu 2010, zimene zinabweretsa kuti Azerbaijan kwazaka makumi anayi pa zana a revenues boma.

kutsutsidwa

Mu 2011, kunali zochitika ziwiri, chifukwa omwe anakhala zifukwa akuoneka zachuma. M'nkhani ino ndi ayenera kuganizira mmene zinthu zilili pa nkhondo pakati pa maiko awiri South Caucasus: momwe iwo athera zaka khumi zapitazi pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR, mwakwaniritsa ndi zotsalira. Choncho, Azerbaijan ndi Armenia a zachuma mayiko. Woyamba mu 2011 anali m'gulu ntchito pa ntchito yomanga payipi mpweya TANAP (amaona odana wathu "Turkey Stream"). Ndipo Armenia pa nthawi yomweyo anali kuukira misa pa kuwonjezeka tariffs a "Zamagetsi Networks la Armenia", ndiye motsutsa UES la Russia. Komabe, maziko ku zochitika onsewa anali a ndale a Nagorno-Karabakh. Kodi kuyamba ndi zimene anabwera kwa zaka zambiri, Azerbaijan, ife mwachidule ankaiphwasula. Zili ndi mdani wa.

Armenia walandira osati kwambiri ofooka tinatengera kwa Soviet Union - ali yaikulu mafakitale m'munsi ndi yokulirapo. Omwe chuma mafuta, Armenia ali Komabe, zaka mphamvu yonse Soviet, dziko linali pakati pa atsogoleri dongosolo kufalitsa katundu yapakati-Republican. Ya Mawotchi Engineering la Armenia linali patsogolo pa Union (monga Mlengi wa mitundu yambiri ya makina), zitsulo sanali akakhala (mkuwa, molybdenum, ndi madipoziti anayamba), kudzera mwa makampani mankhwala anali bwino anakamba. Ndi kokha mbali yaikulu ya chuma Chiameniya ndi 1991. Komabe ngati zosiyanasiyana wachuma wa chipwirikiti mafakitale dziko sali opulumutsidwa. Mantha zachuma anali wakupha pofuna pafupifupi mayiko onse.

Armenia

Zidaphanyikiratu ndi kugwirizana pankhani ya zachuma, ndipo mogwirizana ndi zochitika za Nagorno-Karabakh , Turkey ndi Azerbaijan akhazikitsa anatseka misewu - Armenia ndipo tsopano Kusiya kumwetulira, kukumbukira "zaka mdima". Mavuto mphamvu anayamba, monga anakhala zosatheka kapena katundu kapena inatha. Pamene ife kuthamangitsidwa mafuta ndi mafuta, ndipo anasiya Erevanskaya Razdan opangira magetsi. Ndipo pambuyo Spitak chivomezi - akadali mu 1988 - ndi Metsamor mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera anali tsekani. Mwa njira, ichi peresenti chiwonongeko makumi anai a makampani a Republic adafuthula kanthu, koma Metsamor nyukiliya magetsi anakhalabe sanamuvulaze. Komabe, Chernobyl 1986 akali atsopano mu kukumbukira, ndipo, kotero, uwu ndi chopindulitsa pankhani kutseka siteshoni uchimo. Pakati pa mavuto mphamvu mu 1993, Armenia waganiza kunyalanyaza miyeso anatengedwa ndi Chisudzulo Chikuwononga mbewu. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zodabwitsazi akuti ndi mphamvu nyukiliya chabe kale lonse. Patapita zaka ziwiri, ndinatha kuthamanga chimodzi chokha unit wa awiriwo.

Ndiye Armenia anayamba kumanganso chuma chake. kusintha Market akhala akuchita, ngakhale kwafalikira silinkachitidwa, ndipo kodi iye anachokera kuti? Industrial m'munsi zotsala ku Soviet Union kuti nkhale kapena wamakono, kapena zolembedwa kuchokera kwa zidutswa. Ndipo ndi ndalama zakunja anali zolimba mu RA (mosiyana Azerbaijan amene amakhala ndi mafuta). Tiyeni tifananize manambala: Georgia padera ndi makampani akunja chaka $ biliyoni 1.8 mu Azerbaijan - biliyoni anayi, pamene Armenia pazipita miliyoni mazana asanu ndi anai (kenako kamodzi kokha ndi zaka zimene udzakhala - kuli). Ndipo padera makamaka anamwazikana padziko dziko la Armenia kunja kwa Palestina. Mu malo chachiwiri pa jekeseni ndalama - Russia. Ndipo m'chaka cha GDP Armenia linasonyeza kukula bwino - peresenti khumi ndi zinayi. Komabe, imports akadali upambana zogulitsa kunja. Makina pafupifupi pasakhale wina wakulanda, koma ndi zitsulo, ulimi (konyaki "Ararati"), aluminum zojambulazo ... Mfundo mndandanda ndi pafupifupi watopa.

Ngati mawa nkhondo

Tsiku lirilonse la nkhondo pakati Armenia ndi Azerbaijan ku Nagorno-Karabakh ndalama ndi chimodzi ndi mbali zina za miliyoni makumi asanu (Chiazebajani ndi ndalama ndalama - khola). Economy la Armenia ndi si wolimba kwambiri dram kutentha kwake ngati simungathe kupulumuka ngati si iye "woyenera" Russia (ndipo nthawi zonse "woyenera"). Ankhondo mu mtunda miyala - odula kwambiri. Tsopano waukulu zachuma mayikidwe kuti palibe wachiwiri. Nduna ya zachuma Azerbaijan sanaganizire kusintha mu 1990-1993, ngakhale mtumiki kapena nduna yaikulu, pamene panali kwenikweni zikuluzikulu nkhondo. Choncho, lero Azerbaijan lili ndi golide ndi ndalama nkhokwe za makumi asanu biliyoni atatu dollars. Mwachitsanzo, Ukraine ali okwana asanu ndi atatu (izo zinali mu 2014), mu Belarus - khumi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa munthu mtumiki wa chuma cha Azerbaijan allocates madola 7.800, pamene ngakhale mu Russia ndi atatu okha ndi theka zikwi, pamene nkhokwe za golide ndi kakhumi.

Ndi izi zachuma "subcutaneous mafuta" kulola Azerbaijan ngakhale panthawi ya nkhondo ndondomeko osati kudula (penshoni, malipilo ndi zina zotero). Koma Armenia amenewa kuthekera si onse. Komabe, Azerbaijan sazindikira kuti zotsatira za nkhondo kungakhale yosiyanasiyana, choncho sikuti kuyamba mpaka mphamvu kubwerera m'dziko limene chifukwa ena amaona wake, ndipo popanda kupempha Armenia chimakakamiza pa Nagorno-Karabakh mafuta ndi gasi awo mapaipi. Koma kukonzekera nkhondo akupita. Kuti akonze thumba la asilikali ndi kwambiri, limanena ndithu m'nkhani, amene si zazing'ono zopereka sichinachepe zaka. chuma Azerbaijan mu 2016 ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi cha 2011, pamene zosankha zinalengedwa ndi broaching payipi ya. Mu 2018 iye anakonzera ntchito. Nkhondo sikuti kuyamba, koma kumenyana ndi mfuti pa malire mpaka kalekale zimachitika ntchito zida zankhondo ndi Helicopters asilikali. Ngakhale chigonjetso osati anapambana Armenia kapena Azerbaijan.

chitukuko chuma dziko

mfundo State, omwenso akuyendera munda wa macroeconomics (Development Social). Privatized boma chuma, kuchuluka udindo entrepreneurial mu vuto la zachuma la Azerbaijan. Kuyanga malonda, omwe akupitiriza kukopa ndalama zakunja ndi boma kasamalidwe katundu pambuyo wamba kukuchepetsa kuphangira ndi kulimbikitsa mpikisano. The Chiazebajani Utumiki wa Economy walunjika ndi S. Mustafayev kuyambira 2008.

Komabe, kukhala dziko lino si kuyambira nthawi ya kulekana ndi USSR, koma kale kwambiri, mu 1883, pamene ku Tbilisi kuti Baku anabwera kwa njanji Russian, ali m'gulu maukonde wonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri kukodzedwa wamalonda kutumiza mu Nyanja ya Caspian. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Baku - ndi yofunika sitima ziwirizi ndi lalikulu Caspian doko. Ndinayamba kupanga mafuta, panali mabizinezi mafakitale, boreholes ndi injini nthunzi. Woyamba likulu yachilendo anawonekera kuno kwambiri, m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, kupanga theka la cholowa dziko kupanga mafuta Azerbaijan.

Italy

Today, kumene, Azerbaijan lili ndi mwayi kwambiri chifukwa vuto la zachuma. Investment pamaso apa akukonza kwambiri kukuza Italy. Iye anayamba aganyali dziko lino zaka zambiri zapitazo, ndipo zopereka woyamba anali ku dera la kachitidwe. Pakhala ambiri kugwilira limodzi lomwe ntchito lero. msika zikusintha, kuwonjezera, ndi maiko onse kuzindikira mwayi wa mgwirizano mwagwirizana m'minda ya mmene kukumana ndi zoyendera. Zolowa pambuyo mavuto akuyamba achire, pali zomangamanga ndi kumanga ntchito, angathe kukopa ndalama kwambiri yachilendo.

Kuyambira chaka cha 2010, buku la ndalama mwachindunji mu makampani Azerbaijan Italy kuposa madola miliyoni zana ndi zisanu, ndi ku Italy kwambiri - zana ndi makumi atatu, ndi kokha mu 2016, Azerbaijan ali padera mu ntchito Italy pafupifupi zana limodzi ndi miliyoni makumi atatu dollars. Tsopano, oposa makumi awiri makampani ntchito limodzi pakati pawo ngati odziwika bwino monga Tenaris, Technip Italy, Maire Tecnimont, Drillmec, Valvitalia, Saipem ndi ena. Mu 2017, Italy zingawonjezere ndalama ku chuma Azerbaijan a. Tsatanetsatane akufalitsidwa womkanikizawo kale. Mu 2016 mgwirizano yosainidwa ndi Danielle, ndipo iye kale anayambira apa. Total pamaso pa makampani Italy mu dziko ikufika nambala yaikulu - mpaka chikwi, ndipo ikukula chaka chilichonse. Kumbali ya zolowa ndi boma - naye zothandiza kwambiri Azerbaijan.

zigawo Economic: Baku

Zigawo za Republic Azerbaijan amakhala ndi vuto lapadera chuma komanso malo a dziko ndi chimafotokozera mgwirizano Kupititsa ndi chuma, zinthu wapadera zachilengedwe ndi mbiri anayamba mafakitale specialization. Nawa khumi zigawo zachuma, kuphatikiza malo osiyana wa Absheron Peninsula, lomwe ndi likulu la dziko la Republic - Baku. Chathachi chikuphatikizapo Khizi, Absheron District ndi Sumgayit. Iye ndicho mafuta ndi mphamvu m'munsi mwa dziko, pali yotengedwa kuchuluka kwambiri mafuta ndi gasi, ndipo ambiri a magetsi onse kwaiye.

Wotukuka kwambiri mankhwala ndi malonda petrochemical, kenako zitsulo zolemera, nyumba makina, mphamvu zomangamanga, zamagetsi. Komanso, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono waukulu kwambiri kuwala ndi chakudya mafakitale, zipangizo yomanga. Ndi bwino kwambiri anayamba m'dera lino chuma nchito utumiki ndi zomangamanga zoyendera. Agriculture ndi pano: pali nkhuku, ziweto ndi nyama ndi mkaka (ng'ombe), nkhosa. Horticulture, viticulture, floriculture, horticulture, agro-nyengo zinthu ankalemekeza kwambiri kukula duwa, maolivi, pistachios, nkhuyu, amondi, vembe, mphesa mwatsopano ndi zambiri.

Ganja-Gazakh zachuma dera

Pali mizinda iwiri yaikulu - Naftalan ndi Ganja, komanso zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi utsogoleri. Kudera limeneli wolemera kwambiri mchere ncho kuno osati mafuta ndi gasi komanso cobalt, chitsulo galasi, zitsulo, barite, miyala, alunite, gypsum, nsangalabwi, bentonite, zeolite, golide, mkuwa, ndi zina zambiri. Komanso, m'madera awa pali atatu opangira magetsi mphamvu okwerera chifukwa cha Kura Umayenda pano. Zotsimikizira zomera kutenga mderali zachuma ndi malo aakulu. Izi zitsulo zolemera, nyumba makina, chida kupanga, ambabzala kwa kupanga ndi kukonza ulimi makina, magalimoto ndiponso zipangizo zolankhulirana. makampani kuwala umabala mankhwala zochokera zopezeka wamba yaiwisi: nyama zamzitini ndi mkaka, burande ndi vinyo.

Makampani ambiri zomangamanga, imene chakudya mapanelo lonse, analimbitsa simenti, njerwa, njerwa ndi simenti, zipangizo nsangalabwi nyumbayi. M'mizinda kubala chachikulu zopangira kwa processing akakhala ndi nonferrous zitsulo, potashi, asidi sulfuric. Ulimi amapereka dzinthu ndi mbatata, mphesa ndi zipatso zina. Development wa nyama husbandry, horticulture, kulima. Kudera limeneli wofunika kwambiri kupita: pa m'gawo lake pali mapaipi yonyamula mafuta ndi gasi. Bwino anayamba ntchito zokopa alendo, kuyambira zikhalidwe za nyengo yabwino kwambiri. Zikugwira ntchito chipatala ambiri, kuphatikizapo kufunika lonse.

m'madera ena a zachuma

Posachedwapa, chuma amene amadandaula kuti poyerekeza ndi ena onse Baku m'madera zachuma ndi underdeveloped, ngakhale boma wakhala mwakhama kuchita awo. M'madera ambiri tikukhala likuvutika ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa iwo sangakhoze amaphunzira njira zawo za chitukuko. Komabe, chifukwa asayansi kuona kuti si akuyesa. Ponseponse lero - malamulo a wodalira. Ngakhale kuti yachonde chikhalidwe ndi nyengo, dziko alibe mafuta - zokopa alendo kukhala wolemera.

Azerbaijan lili ndi madera amphamvu - iwo ali ochepa, komanso ofooka, komwe anthu sangathe kukhalira pakati pa ulova pafupifupi mtheradi komanso kusowa zolimbikitsa, ndi chifukwa malo posachedwapa anthu amenewa adzakhaladi m'chipululu. Wokwanira amamva bwino entrepreneurial Shamkir dera, ngakhale mzinda anazinga wa Nakhichevan pang'ono ndi pang'ono osauka. N'chimodzimodzinso ndizodabwitsa Ganja, Saatli ndi madera omwe zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Koma pali mbali kumene kulibe, osati makampani okha komanso zokopa alendo, koma ulimi sanabadwe anapeza kasamalidwe zachilendo ndipo simungathe kugawira anthu ena ndi aganyali ndalama molondola. Komabe, ntchito yolalikira ikuchitika, ndi dongosolo chitukuko wapangidwa. Mpaka akwanitse kutero.