Futurism - ndichiyani? Luso ndi maganizo kudzazidwa kayendedwe

Mapeto a chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi m'ma makumi awiri - ndi kufufuza mphamvu kwa mitundu yatsopano ya luso, free ku chitsanzo-kutengerapo zenizeni mwatsatanetsatane. Kafukufuku ndi mukubwadamuka chosintha m'maganizo mwa oimira ambiri a unyamata European zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa mafunde watsopano luso ndi chikhalidwe. Iye nakulitsa bodza kuti luso amangidwa kutembenukira (ndipo onetsetsani kuti asinthe) dziko. Chimodzi cha zizindikiro woyamba anakhala futurism. Futurism ndi chiyani? Kwenikweni futurum - «tsogolo".

Woyambitsa wa gululi ankaona Milanese ndakatulo F. Marinetti, oimira yowala kwambiri kupenta - U. Boccioni, Balla D., D. Severini. Mbiri ya futurism kumayambira naintini chaka chinayi: Marinetti lofalitsidwa mu French magazini "Le Figaro" mfundo za woyamba umene anautcha kuthamangitsa onse akale chikhalidwe cha ku dustbin za mbiri ndi zochokera patsogolo atsopano zamakono kupanga mtundu wa munthu wa m'tsogolo. Ojambula zithunzi posachedwa komanso lofalitsidwa Ndondomeko awo. Kenako manifestos adali ambiri, ndipo iwo onse aitanidwa kuti ndisiye kale mu dzina la patsogolo.

Mwatsoka, futurism sunali zaluso: iye bwinobwino politicized, ndi sharpness osiyana ndi radicalism. Izi zinachititsa kuti iye kugwa maganizo: mamembala ena a gulu la safuna gulu ndi ena mu chaka chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu anapanga ndale zawo chipani, umene posachedwapa anaima pansi pa mbendera ya Mussolini.

Futurism pa luso - mzere wosweka, amasiyanitsa zakuthwa mtundu anasonyeza imbalances maphunziro chosakwanira, pamaso pa zolinga m'matauni ndi luso. Ngati vanguard akalambula wa Impressionists, chapatsogolo ataima kufufuza maonekedwe atsopano, mawonekedwe tsopano chimazirara kukhala maziko, kukana malamulo aliyense, n'kofunika okha maganizo a chithunzicho. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti anali wolemekezeka osati Futurism, kuti maganizo oterowo kuti zilandiridwenso ankaikira ena kayendedwe avant-garde: cubism, umboni, expressionism, surrealism, Dadaism. nzeru avant-garde umalimbana individualization kulenga, kusiyana umunthu wake chabe, kuphatikizapo ano. Pa nthawi yomweyo nadzaza mafunde maganizo pa osiyana ngati Futurism zoona, akuchonderera chiwawa, expressionism (. Antifascist Pablo Picasso ndi ena) M'malo mwake, kudzera chinang'ambika osweka mizere pokwiya ndi chiwawa chimene chinawononga dziko.

Mu Russia, polemba chinenero ichi bwino agwidwa ku tchire mabuku, wakhala anapambana mitima ya ambiri ndakatulo ya Silver Age, chabutsa kalembedwe otalikirana a ndakatulo, ndi chuma chambiri mu malemba ndi osakaniza zizindikiro zambiri mosatsata tanthauzo iliyonse. Chipilala chachikulu cha Futurism Russian imatengedwa Khlebnikov. zolinga zoyenerera ndi Pasternak, Mandelstam, ngakhale mu malemba kenako Esenina pano futurism. Kodi, mwachitsanzo, "munthu wakuda"? Kalembedwe N'zoonekeratu osati tingachipeze powerenga.

Mmodzi wa Futurists kwambiri zogwirizana anakhala Mayakovsky. "Mtambo Buluku" - mwaluso polemba chinenero, kaya thupi ndi mzimu, ndi kalembedwe wake akanadulidwa ndakatulo anakhalabe wokhulupirika mpaka mapeto a moyo.

Futurists analandira mwansangala ya October kuukira boma. Koma ankakondana osati kwathunthu, monga mutu wa m'gululi proletarian anthu ndi wautali kwambiri chikhalidwe katundu. Makamaka, Lenin, m'mawu ake kwa anthu a Komsomol pa Congress Chachitatu anatsindika kufunika kwa nsembe ya cholowa chikhalidwe ndipo anatchula za futurism, zimene luso sanamvetse.

Futurism monga luso kayendedwe zinatha kokha angapo zaka zambiri. Koma mzimu wake anakhalabe. Anatuluka mu makumi asanu mchikakamizo cha yopeka ndi otchuka lero mamangidwe ndi mamangidwe a mkulu-chatekinoloje kalembedwe ndi kwenikweni futurism imodzi, pa siteji latsopano. Iye akapanda udindo a ndale ndi radicalism ambiri, koma anatengera m'chigawo ake abwino a Futurism: tione m'tsogolo ndi chikhulupiriro mkati, chipambane lenileni la chifukwa pa conservatism.