Gasi bog: ndi kutsatira dongosolo

The mpweya akuthawira pansi pa madamu - chithaphwi mpweya odorous (more generic dzina - dziko). Mfundo za sayansi amaona mitundu, hydrogenous kapena methyl. Nthawi zambiri imakhala dziko (CH _4). Zingakhalenso pano, asafe, argon, wa hydrogen, phosphine ndi mpweya.

mbali Ofunika

Standard zikuchokera, mankhwala chilinganizo chithaphwi mpweya - zonsezi chimasonyeza kuti adzaupereka kwa mankhwala losavuta mpweya. Mozungulira mchitidwe lino yagawidwa otsala zigawo zikuluzikulu. Marsh gasi amapezeka mwachibadwa m'chigawo ufulu monga osakaniza ndi mpweya woipa kapena asafe. Kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu organic. Monga ulamuliro, izo atsekerezedwa pansi madzi ndi akumanidwa mwayi kwa mbewu mpweya.

migodi ya malasha - malo ena kumene anapanga kuyaka chithaphwi mpweya. Iye amasonkhana pakati pa miyala pambuyo kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira organic. Izi ntchito ndi voids ambiri. mipweya amenewa asonkhanitsidwa pamene mwamwayi akuwuka dzenje.

malo a maphunziro

Ngakhale dzina lake mwachilungamo lomveka, chithaphwi mpweya (kapena kani, dziko) chionekera ngakhale ming'alu lapansi pafupi minda mafuta. Woyamba Zikatero akuti mu United States of America, pa mtsinje wa Allegheny Mtsinje, komanso mu Russia m'dera Caspian. Mu Baku, pachifukwa ichi, kwa nthawi yaitali panali nthano za magetsi wosamvetsetseka Baku. zochitika zachilengedwe zinaphatikizana ndi carbon dioxide, asafe ndi mafuta nthunzi chithaphwi mpweya.

Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi luso migodi, anthu aphunzira akonzanso kumasula dziko. Woyamba fakitale ngati anaonekera mu Pennsylvania. Marsh mpweya amakhala mu aumbike mosalekeza, zikhoza kuonedwa mu dambo kapena dziwe. Nthawi zambiri, pakuti ichi wosavuta kukhudza ndodo kuti sludge lapansi. Kenako, thovu mpweya tiwolokere pamwamba madzi.

Maziko chithaphwi gasi

Mapangidwe ya mbali yaikulu ya gasi (dziko) thandizo mabakiteriya. Chifukwa cha iwo, iwo amayamba nayonso mphamvu ya mbewu CHIKWANGWANI zimathandiza kuti maonekedwe a dziko. The dziko changwiro kwambiri amakhulupirira kuti khalidwe la mapiri matope Absheron ndi Kerch Peninsula.

Komanso, ikutuluka mchere madipoziti, akasupe ndi fumaroles - mabowo ndi ming'alu, zomwe zili m'tsinde mwa mapiri. Mpweya umene umapanga alipo m'matumbo anthu. zopangidwa monga mpweya wa nyama zina. Mmodzi wa umboni polemba nkhani imeneyi tinganene kuti ntchito za wolemba yakale yoyendera Pliny anatchula mankhwala gaseous kuyaka.

explosiveness

Ambiri mwa chithaphwi mpweya amadziwika ndi katundu wake zowononga. Pamene poyatsira zili osakaniza ndi mpweya, izo zimayambitsa kuphulika. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi katundu wa dziko. Kuphulika mpweya ndi ofanana mankhwala chithaphwi akhala mantha anthu, kufotokoza zimene zinali kuchitika zamatsenga. Chifukwa anomaly ndi zinadziwika pokhapokha munthu maphunziro a sayansi zodabwitsazi.

Marsh mpweya wa methane ndi pawiri zina zachiwawa chinachititsa anthu kuyambitsa Davy Nyali. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito zonse mu m'madambo ndi m'migodi ya malasha. Mu nyali ichi mankhwala kuyaka achotsedwa ndi gululi wapadera kudzera amene amapatula kuthekera poyatsira wa osakaniza kuyaka mpweya.

History of anapeza

Great chopereka kuphunzira chithaphwi mpweya (dziko), anayambitsa Italy wasayansi Alessandro Volta. Mu 1776, wasonyeza kuti chinthu chosiyana ndi wa hydrogen, kuyambira pamafunika mpweya kawiri zambiri kuyaka. Komanso, Volta anatsimikiza kuti chithaphwi mpweya - gwero la asidi carbonic.

Chitaliyana dziko pa malire a Switzerland ndi Italy, pafupi ndi Nyanja Maggiore. Kudzoza kwa wasayansi anali nkhani ya American wasayansi ndi wandale Benjamin Franklin za chodabwitsa cha "mpweya mafuta". Volta oyambirira dziko kusonkhanitsa mpweya panamveka chithaphwi.

Popitiriza kuchita kafukufuku

Zina zofunika ofufuza zachilengedwe anali French sayansi Klod Bertolle ndi British sayansi Uilyam Genri. Otsiriza a iwo mu 1805 anatsimikiza zikuchokera chithaphwi mpweya ndi kuwasiyanitsa ku ethylene (a otchedwa mpweya maslorodnogo).

mankhwala mwambi zachiwawa zobisika chigawo amafotokoza - dziko. Iwo anali limanenedwa ngati kuwala hydrocarbon mpweya (monga ankatsutsa hydrocarbon waukulu ethylene mpweya). Pa nthawi chakhazikika akuti china - hydrogenous methyl. Henry kuphunzira Dzhon Dalton ndi Jens Jakob Berzelius.

Mu 1813, Chingerezi sayansi ndi miyala ndi nthaka Gemfri Devi kusanthula firedamp n'kugamula kuti thunthu - chisakanizo cha methane, mpweya woipa ndi asafe. Choncho anali atatsimikizira kuti osakaniza kuyaka adzamasulidwa ku migodi, chizindikiro kusakaniza ofanana pa m'madambo.

Zotsatira pa chilengedwe

Khalidwe chithaphwi mpweya wa methane kumachitika chifukwa cha zina zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Woyamba ndi distillation youma kanthu organic (monga peat kapena mtengo). Kusandutsa dziko koyera linakonzedwa ndi kuwonongeka tsinkmetila madzi (Motero opangidwa nthaka okusayidi). Lero, mankhwala amakopeka zachilengedwe zambiri chifukwa cha kudzipeleka kwake mu mapangidwe mmene kutentha. Ichi ndi chifukwa kudzikundikira dziko mu mlengalenga. Marsh mpweya zimatenga cheza matenthedwe mu infuraredi kawalidwe dera. Ndi chizindikiro ichi yokha woyera wa carbon dioxide. Zachilengedwe amayang'anitsitsa zopereka dziko mu zotsatira kumatheka kutentha pafupifupi 30%.

Katundu, zikuchokera, mankhwala chilinganizo chithaphwi mpweya tsopano akuphunziridwa kuphunzira mmene iye pa mlengalenga wa dziko lathuli. Manambala zachilengedwe, opangidwa ndi chikhalidwe, iye sanali oopsa monga chifukwa mmene kutentha. Komabe, vuto lagona pa choona kuti ndalama yaikulu dziko m'mlengalenga mwa vuto la anthu eni. Analogue chithaphwi mpweya akupangidwa ku mafakitare zosiyanasiyana. Izi otchedwa abiotic dziko. Amene akupezeka m'madambo a, ankaona biogenic - amene akuwuka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa organic nkhani.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis a dziko (choncho zosayembekezereka wa chithaphwi mpweya) amatchedwanso methanogenesis. pochita zimenezi mabakiteriya Archaea. Iwo aerobic, kutanthauza iwo zingabweretse mphamvu moyo, osafunikiranso oxygen. Archaea alibe organelles Kakhungu ndi phata.

Mabakiteriya kupanga methane, kubwezeretsa wina mpweya pawiri kudzera mankhwala kaboni mpweya ndi alcohols. Njira ina - disproportionation nthochi. The mphamvu kwaiye likamadzakonzedwa bakiteriya enzyme ATP synthase. Mu methanogenesis nawo zosiyanasiyana mamolekyulu: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin etc ...

methanogens

Science amadziwa genera 17 ndi mitundu 50 ya archaea angathe kupoletsa m'munsi dambo mpweya. Iwo amapanga wosazindikira madera multicellular. Kwambiri kuphunzira jini ngati archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Iwo mtima kwa acetates ndi methane , mpweya monoxide, ntchito michere atsetatkinazy ndi phosphotransacetylase. Palinso maganizo amenewa archaea izi mu masiku amakedzana utasintha mu thioester ndi, malinga mu ndiye matope ali ndi mkulu wa ndende sulfide chitsulo.

Chifukwa moto wa m'nkhalango

Pa okwanira woipa umuna ndi chithaphwi gasi, vozgorevshis zikhoza lalikulu peat zachilengedwe ndi moto nkhalango. Masiku ano, pali lonse osiyanasiyana omenyana zochitika zimenezi. misonkhano yapadera khalidwe kuwunika mpweya m'madera ambiri madzi. Iwo ali ndi udindo kupewa ndi kulamulira magawanidwe kachulukidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu mpweya zingakhale woopsawo.

Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa madambo m'dera Moscow ndi kum'mawa Shatursky m'deralo. Madzi ake ali wolemera mu nsomba (carp, nsomba, gobies, carp, Pike, carp), newts, achule, njoka, abwampini, mbalame (herons, bitterns, mbalamezi zimatani kuti zikhale, abakha). Mafupa a nyama zimenezi zili phosphorous. Iwo kukonzedwa ndi mabakiteriya, ndiye pali zinthu zina zingapo. Izi diphosphine ndi phosphine. Iwo ali initiators waukulu unyolo zimene kuyaka lachibadwa. Inayamba mu njira iyi moto - ndi vuto lalikulu zachilengedwe. Moto woyaka mu m'madambo, osati kokha nkhalango komanso peat bogs. Moto ingafalire kwambiri mu izo. peat kungatenge kuwotcha zaka lonse.

Mu Russia kumakhudza za kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili achinyontho dziko. Iwo amakumana pakati pa mbali European la Russia, Western Siberia ndi Kamchatka. Malo okwana madambo Russia - pafupifupi mamiliyoni 340 mahekitala, 210 amene ataphimbidwa ndi chivundikiro nkhalango. Ambiri mwa mafuta onse opangidwa m'chilimwe. Mu nthawi ya tsiku m'dera la mahekitala wina angaimire awiri makilogalamu theka la dziko.

Mogwirizana ndi mpweya ndi chlorine

Natural chithaphwi gasi, amene mankhwala chilinganizo - CH _4, nkomwe yoyaka wotumbululuka wowala lawi. Lipenga amphamvu ndi izo zikuchitika pa poyatsira mu osakaniza munali 7,8 mabuku a mpweya ndi 2 buku la mpweya. Mpweya pang'ono sungunuka m'madzi (mosiyana mowa). Umakaphatikizana yekha ndi halogens.

Malinga ndi mmene mitundu chlorine mpweya chithaphwi methyl mankhwala enaake CH ₃ CL. nkhaniyi linakonzedwa ndi njira zasayansi. Chifukwa chaichi, gasi hydrochloride wadutsa mu njira kuwira mowa ndi metilnogo osungunula nthaka mankhwala enaake. Chifukwa ndi mpweya colorless, amene amakhala ndi zosangalatsa fungo efa ndi zokoma kukoma. Opanikizika amphamvu kapena kuzirala, iko kumaundanitsa mu madzi.

The ntchito ndi zotsatira zake ndi halogens

Mpweya umene umapanga (chithaphwi mpweya), zomwe chilinganizo ndi ntchito monga utsi anaphunzira pulogalamu sukulu mwachangu interacts ndi halogens. Motero, zinthu zimenezi zochita M'MALO kutulutsa mankhwala zotsatirazi: bromide, enaake, fluoride, mankhwala enaake ndi fluoride. Otsiriza a iwo anali woyamba akamagwira Russian sayansi Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - kwambiri refracting kuwala chikasu madzi. kuwira ake kutentha - 180 ° C.

Monga otchedwa chithaphwi gasi, kwathunthu chisiyana halogens? Izi tetrachloride mpweya. Iwo linatsegulidwa ndi French sayansi Anri Reno mu 1839. Ndi madzi ndi khalidwe zokometsera fungo. Ilinso ndi zotsatira mankhwala ochititsa. chinthu china ofanana - mpweya tetrabromide. Iwo yotengedwa phulusa la zomera zam'madzi.

Health Zoopsa

Ndi lokha chithaphwi dziko ndi physiologically zabwinobwino. Adzaupereka kwa amene sanali poizoni chimasanduka paraffin. Gulu la zinthu amakhala ndi mankhwala inertness ndi solubility otsika mu madzi a m'magazi. Mpweya ndi mkulu wa ndende chithaphwi mafuta akhoza kupha yekha ngati iye adzakhala ndi kusowa oxygen.

Zizindikiro koyamba suffocation (asphyxia) kuwonekera pa zili 30% dziko. Pankhaniyi, kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kupuma, kufulumizitsa kugunda kwa mtima, kusokoneza mgwirizano kayendedwe minofu. Koma Mwina Zikatero ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Chakuti dziko ndi opepuka kuposa mpweya, amene salola iye kudziunjikira mu kufanana kwambiri.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza opotoka ndi machitidwe a dambo mpweya pa psyche anthu kutsogoleredwa wa diethyl efa. A kuchita chimodzimodzi akhoza ukugwira chomwa mankhwalawa a. Anthu, nthawi yaitali ntchito m'migodi ndi mkulu wa ndende methane, limafotokoza kusintha mu mantha dongosolo autonomic (hypotension, zabwino oculocardiac reflex ndi zina zotero. D.).