Gawo jini - structural ndi zinchito

GMO, matenda akalandire chithandizo, decoding DNA cloning - kwambiri za luso yalelo ndi chikugwirizana ndi sayansi. Gene gulu kunapangitsa kuphunzira zizindikiro zawo ndi mphamvu kusintha. Choncho, kodi amadziwika bwanji masiku ano?

majini

Mu yonse yochepetsetsa ya chamoyo chilichonse moyo lili ndi mfundo zonse za izo. Chiphunzitso ichi ayenera kukhala zokwanira angathe kubereka ndi buku enieni. Ndipo mathokozo onse kuti DNA kwenikweni pasipoti chibadwa. Ndi zitsanzo zake, ife tikhoza long- mitundu zinatha nyama ndi zomera kusiya ndi kutha kwa anthu amene alonjezedwa.

Gene - ndi unit zofunika zakuthupi cholowa. Iwo kuwonjezera kwa ena akuluakulu, ndi iwo, nawonso, amapanga ndi DNA. Ndipotu, chidutswa chirichonse cha izo - ndi chinthu kachidindo mu mawonekedwe a ndondomeko ya nucleotides amene encrypted ndi mfundo zonse za chamoyo. Ndi sayansi kuti investigates kudziwa, kodi ntchito mayunitsi munthu, kodi structural ndi zinchito gulu la nkhani zina majini ndi, ndi mwana, koma kale anakwanitsa kutsimikizira kufunikira kwake ndi kusonyeza kuthekera kwakukulu.

phunziro

chakuti ana ena amatengera makhalidwe makolo awo ndi banja onse, akhala kudziwika. Komabe, kwa nthawi yaitali anali bwinobwino kwathunthu zimene limagwirira cha kufala kwa zokhudza maonekedwe, umunthu, matenda makolo ana, zidzukulu ndi ana zina. Apa ndi pamene sakutchula wotchuka Mendel kukonza malamulo a cholowa cha makhalidwe ena ofunika, ngakhale sakudziwa zimene zimachitika.

A yojambula mu kuphunzira majini wakhala nkhani ya nthawi kuyambira Kubwera kwa microscopes. Mu selo mtima anapezeka imene anthu akhoza kuyang'ana mu nkhani zambiri. Chidwi kwambiri ndi kutsegula kwa asayansi nthawi yaitali anali kwenikweni pansi mphuno zathu, koma iwo amakana sanadziwe iye.

chakuti DNA anali woyamba kuzindikiridwa kumbuyo mu 1868. Koma mpaka chiyambi cha m'ma XX, akatswiri ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti mankhwala ali ndi phosphorous nkhokwe kudzikundikira ntchito mu thupi, ndipo si ndi mbali ya zapamwamba zonse za mfundo yosiyanasiyana za izo. Za ena nkhaniyi anasonyeza kuti cholinga chachikulu cha DNA kunachitika mu m'zaka za m'ma. Koma akafuna HIV ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala anakhalabe osadziwika.

Decoding matupi

Kuchokera pa maphunziro ndi Maurice Wilkins ndi Rosalind Franklin mu 1953, Francis Dzheyms Uotson ndi Crick hypothesized kuti DNA ndi helix awiri. Kenako amanena zinali, chifukwa chimene asayansi analandira Nobel Prize.

Tsopano pamaso sayansi anakumana ndi ntchito decoding chaka chibadwa, amene adzalola kuyankha mafunso ambiri. Apa, mu nkhani analowa osati zamoyo, koma sayansi ndi masamu. The njira kabisidwe kwa zaka anakhalabe chinsinsi, koma zinaonekeratu kuti triplet, ndiko kuti, tichipeza atatu nyukiliotayidi chigawo. Mu 1965 iye potsiriza anayamba kumvetsa tanthauzo la mayunitsi onse otchedwa codons. Cipher anali anadula.

Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti asayansi sanakhale zinsinsi. Research akadali yopitilira, Koma gulu la majini ndi kuphunzira awo anapereka kuidziwa bwino chikhalidwe cha matenda ena ndi njira mankhwala. Tsopano anthu odutsa magazi, tikhoza kupeza matenda ali pangozi, kaya ngozi ya kulowa imodzi kapena matenda ena ndi mkulu kwa makolo awo ndi kuwapatsa ana. Zimenezi zathandizira kuti patsogolo kwambiri m'madera ambiri a mankhwala.

ntchito jini

Pamene cholinga cha DNA linaonekera, asayansi chidwi funso kodi tanthauzo la chidutswa chilichonse cha ndondomekozi chomwe ndi udindo, kodi njira m'thupi kumayamba. Ndipo kwa zaka zambiri ntchito yofunafuna mayankho, akatswiri ambiri. Pa nthawi yonseyi, zinadziwika, choyamba, kuti mbewu - si chinthu indivisible unit wa mudziwe chibadwa, ndipo kachiwiri, kuti zida cilamulo asayansi akufunikira kukula.

Iwo anali anayambitsa mawu ochepa amene bwino kusonyeza kulalatira njira zimene zimachitika kuchita. Koma ntchito zonse jini ndi akhalabe mwachilungamo osamveka mawu - kaphatikizidwe mapulotini polypeptides. Chidutswa chirichonse cha DNA ndi udindo chuma chawo makamaka, ndiponso mmene thupi, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kunena. Akatswiriwa koma kuyesetsa kuti athe kuti majini ena, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi udindo diso mtundu, khungu wabwino ndi zina za mtima. Chirichonse zovuta ndi zina zimatha DNA.

Classifications

N'zoonekeratu kuti aliyense unit wa DNA amachita ena ntchito yapadera, ngakhale iwo ali osadziwika anthu. Kuyambira chiyembekezo ichi, masiku structural ndi zinchito gulu la chibadwa. Izo ntchito zambiri, koma pali zina, apadera kwambiri, ndipo amaganizira ena wonena za m'madera ena a DNA. Ambiri, izi zikutanthauza gulu la chibadwa: structural ndi zolimbana (zinchito). Aliyense wa mitundu imeneyi, nayenso akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu. Mwachitsanzo, pakati owongolera kusiyanitsa modifiers, suppressors, zoletsa, etc.

majini magawano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi muyezo wa zimakhudzanso viability wa chikuonetseratu poyera woopsa, theka woopsa ndi ndale mayunitsi.

kusiyana lofunika

Basi pamwamba pa gulu wamba majini anali mwafufuza. Kandalama, ndi zinchito mbali ya DNA, malinga ndi iye, zimatsutsana, koma zimenezi si zoona kotero. Iwo sangakhoze ntchito nokha, ndi gulu lililonse izi ndi zofunika mu njira yake.

majini kandalama ali ndi udindo kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji mapulotini zofunikira ndipo amino zidulo. Owongolera kusokoneza ntchito zawo, kulamulira ON awo ndipo nthawi ya chitukuko komanso chinkhoswe mu chilengedwe cha excipients ena. Ndi chikhalidwe mmene awo pa gawo structural, iwo anawagawa zoletsa, suppressors, enhancers ndi modifiers. ntchito yawo limakupatsani kufulumizitsa kapena m'mbuyo chitukuko mbali zina.

katundu

Lililonse limakhala la DNA angapo a makhalidwe, amene kulola ochepa mapuloteni molekyulu kuti encode mfundo zonse za chamoyo:

1. Apawokha. Jini iliyonse amachita monga ankapoperamo palokha.
2. Kukhazikika. Ngati inu simutero pano masinthidwe, kapena mbali ina ya DNA tinatengera kwa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo wawo.
3. Kulunjika. Jini iliyonse amakhudza chitukuko cha khalidwe makamaka.
4. Dosing. Kusintha chiwerengero cha chibadwa mu chamoyo kumabweretsa kuyan'anila (mwachitsanzo, Down ndi matenda - kuwonjezera chiwerengero DNA).
5. Pleiotropy. Luso la jini limodzi kulimbikitsa makhalidwe angapo.

Pali zambiri zoti muphunzire. Inde, asayansi apanga kwambiri ndi kuwerenga DNA, ndi bwino kumvetsa pamene gulu la majini wakhala anapanga. Kandalama ndi zolimbana mbali kugwira ntchito pamodzi, kumvetsa limagwirira kabisidwe - Mu zaka zapitazo kunali Boom weniweni chitukuko cha zamoyo. Koma pali zambiri zoti muphunzire.

Ziyembekezo chitukuko cha sayansi

Ngakhale kuti chibadwa ndi sayansi wamng'ono, ndi kale momveka bwino kuti akuyembekezera tsogolo kwambiri. Chithandizo cha matenda kuti zinali chiyembekezo, chikusintha katundu wa nyama ndi zomera, kulola kukhala ulimi, kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana - zonse zimenezi pompano. The choletsa waukulu zina kuphunzira, zatsopano, ndi ophatikizidwa mu moyo - makhalidwe. Nkhani zokhudza khalidwe nkhope anthu, kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndiyotengera mu DNA si bwino.