Gemma ndi mozama chithunzi: intaglio kapena cameo?

Gemma - ndi chitsanzo cha kusema kakang'ono pa miyala akuda ndi ngale - glyptic. Mtundu uwu wa luso anaonekera kalelo. Chifukwa zipangizo ntchito, rarities ambiri abwera kwa ife mu chitetezo zonse. Gemma ndi chithunzi zapamwamba amatchedwa "intaglio", ndi otukukira kunja - "cameo".

Images kuti cutters anali ntchito ndi miyala angakhale osiyana kwambiri. Ambiri a iwo anali zithunzi za mafanizo amuna ndi akazi, nyama, mbalame nkhani nkhondo kapena zojambula ophiphiritsa.

The wamkulu zitsanzo anaonekera mu Iguputo ndi ku Mesopotamiya. Mfundo amakezana ndi chithunzi patsogolo kunayamba IV Zakachikwi. BC. e. Choyamba cameos anaonekera kumapeto kwa chiyambi cha m'ma IV-III. BC. e. Nthawi zambiri, iwo analaswa ndi Mipikisano magawo sardonyx sibu kapena pamene taphunzira mikwingwirima woyera ndi zofiirira kuti ambuye ntchito mwaluso mu ntchito yawo. Okonzeka iridescence chitsanzo kudziika cameos intaglios ku Egypt.

Poyamba ngale ankagwiritsa ntchito zithumwa kapena zokongoletsera. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuimira eni chizindikiro. Ku Iguputo ndi ku Mesopotamiya mwala ndi chithunzi patsogolo anagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo yosindikiza, amene osati ntchito za pepala. Iye tagged khomo kukhala malo zifuwa, amphoras vinyo, kuyambira mangongo ndi makiyi sanali kudziwika. Agiriki ndi Aroma okhawo zikalata zamtengo wapatali. Ndipo Mpambo wa malamulo Solon a zinali zoletsedwa carvers kusiya imprints anapanga ndi masitampu, kotero iwo wopeka.

Ngale - ntchito wokongola luso, adasunga kudziwa za chikhalidwe cha dziko wakale. iwo NTHAWI zambiri magazini a zojambulajambula wotchuka ndiponso ziboliboli, zomwe zambiri siinafike ife. Kumvetsetsa kwa iwo anapitiriza intaglios yekha ndi cameos. Pa ngale wakale a milungu-ogula, mpikisanowo, zisudzo, zithunzi za kusaka, nkhondo ndi mtendere, zithunzi za kanjedza anthu, aluso ndi olemba.

Intaglio wakhala phunziro la kusonkhanitsa kale mu dziko wakale. Cameo, kuti ndi ngale ndi fano otukukira kunja ankaona item mwanaalirenji. Monga ulamuliro, izo zinali zodzikongoletsera ndi akazi: zokometsera zomanga, pakhosi zosonyeza, mphete, limodzi ndi mkanda lonse. Pang'onopang'ono bwino threading njira. ngale ambiri anali weniweni zithumwa. Izi zinali makamaka zofala za m'ma lotsiriza la ufumu wa Roma, pamene chipembedzo chachikunja m'malo mwa Chikhristu.

Mu East, nayenso, ngale amtengo, iwo zatenganso mbali mu moyo wapoyera. Mu Iran, ndi Shah ponena bwalo lankhondo, ofesi boma kapena ansembe, chopatsika kanali cha mphamvu; lamba, chipewa ndi mphete, amene kwenikweni anali kuvala zikalata malonda, malamulo ndiponso makalata.

Persian ndi Arab mbiri yakale nthawi zambiri anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mphete izi. Iye akhapidziwa kuti mwala mozama chithunzi akhoza kukhala mphamvu ina yopambana ndipo amatha kusintha tsogolo. Kwambiri chizindikiro zoipa kuswa kapena kungoti kuwononga mwala.

Mu Middle Ages Glyptics anakana, ndi zina n'kutukuka mu nthawi Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndipo zinatha mpaka cha m'ma XIX. Koma ngakhale lero otukukira kunja mwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kaso chosalimba kudzikongoletsa.