Haydegger Martin: MBIRI, nzeru

Haydegger Martin (zaka za moyo - 1889-1976) ali m'modzi mwa apainiya wa nzeru monga existentialism German. Iye anabadwa mu 1889, pa September 26, pa messkirch. atate wake, Friedrich Heidegger, anali mmisiri chabwino.

Heidegger ati akhale wansembe

Kuyambira 1903 mpaka 1906 Haydegger Martin amapita kusukulu mu Constanta. Iye amakhala mu "Nyumba ya Conrad" (a Akatolika yogonera sukulu) ndi kukonzekera kuti akhale wansembe. Ukupitilira maphunziro ake, Martin Heidegger pa zaka zitatu. mbiri pa nthawi imeneyi ikusonyezedwa ndi mfundo yakuti amapezeka sekondale ndi archiepiscopal seminare mu Breisgau (Freiburg). September 30, 1909 nzeru zapamwamba tsogolo anakhala novice mu pansi Feldkirch Tizis Jesuit obisika. Komabe, pa October 13 Ine kuumirizidwa kuchoka pakhomo chifukwa cha chiyambi cha zowawa mu mtima wa Martin Heidegger.

Mwachidule yonena za anapitiriza kuti mu nthawi kuchokera 1909 mpaka 1911, kuphunzira pa yunivesite ya Freiburg, mu mphamvu zaumulungu. Iye chinkhoswe mu nzeru zawo. Nkhani yake yoyamba lofalitsidwa pa nthawi, Martin Heidegger (chithunzi chake chili m'munsimu).

mavuto wauzimu, munda latsopano kafukufuku, nkhani yolembedwa

Kuyambira 1911 mpaka 1913 anali pa mavuto wauzimu ndipo akusankha kuchoka mphamvu zaumulungu, anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa yunivesite ya Freiburg. Apa Martin Heidegger anaphunzira mbalume sayansi ndi zaumunthu. Iye shtudiruet ntchito Husserl a "zofufuza Kukamba". Mu 1913, Haydegger Martin kumbuyo nkhani yolembedwa kwake ndipo anakhala lecturer pa University of Freiburg mu zaka 2.

ukwati

Mu 1917, nzeru zapamwamba kukwatira. Woganiza kukwatira maphunziro Freiburg chuma Elfriede Petri. mkazi Heidegger ndi mwana wa udindo waukulu Prussian kapitawo. Lambirani ake - Evangelical Lutheran. Mkazi yomweyo ankakhulupirira kuti tsogolo mkulu ndi namatetule wa mwamuna wake. Iye amakhala thandizo lake, mlembi, mzanga. Mothandizidwa ndi mkazi wake m'kupita kukula kupatuka kwa Heidegger a Chikatolika. Mu 1919, banja anabadwa mwana woyamba, George, ndipo chaka chotsatira - Herman.

Ntchito pulofesa wothandizira, nkhani pa maphunziro azachilengedwe

Kuyambira mu 1918 mpaka 1923, iye ndi nzeru zapamwamba Husserl a wothandizira ndi wothandizira pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Freiburg. Mu 1919 iye anaswa ndi dongosolo la Catholic, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi anayamba ubwenzi kuti nzeru zapamwamba Karl Jaspers. Kuchokera mu 1923 mpaka 1928, Heidegger akugwirizira nkhani pa maphunziro azachilengedwe. Maphunziro azachilengedwe Martina Haydeggera kumathandiza kuti kutchuka kwake. Anaitanidwa ku University of Marburg zapadera pulofesa.

Jobs mu Marburg

Ndalama Heidegger bwino. Komabe, m'mudzi weniweniwo, zochepa laibulale, mpweya m'dera - zonsezi annoys Martin, amene mofunitsitsa anakakhala Heidelberg. Ndi apa kuti amakopeka naye tsopano, ndipo ubwenzi wake ndi Karlom Yaspersom. Anapulumutsa Heidegger mzimu kufufuza nzeru zaumunthu, ndi kanyumba mu Todtnauberg (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), mwa kuyenda mtunda kwawo - ntchito nkhuni, mphepo ya m'mapiri, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - chilengedwe cha buku lotchedwa "Kukhala ndi Time", omwe anakhala tingachipeze powerenga za m'ma 20 . wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa ophunzira a nkhani Heidegger a. Komabe, kumvetsa anzake kumeneko, koma R. Bultmann, wotchuka Protestant wazamulungu.

Heidegger - wolowa mmalo Husserl pa University Freiburg

Buku la "Kukhala ndi Time" kuchokera mu 1927, ndipo wotsatira wolemba ake analowa m'malo Husserl pa dipatimenti ya nzeru pa University of Freiburg mbadwa. Mu 1929-30. amawerenga angapo malipoti ofunika. Mu 1931 Heidegger kuoneka chisoni kayendedwe National Socialist. Rector ya University of Freiburg (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), iye akukhala mu 1933. Ndi nthawi iyi monga gulu la "msasa sayansi", komanso maonekedwe malonda mu Tübingen, Heidelberg ndi Leipzig.

Heidegger likukhalira mu 1933 pakati ochepawo umunthu odziwika bwino amene kugwirizana ndi chipani cha Nazi. Mwa zolinga zake maganizo watola chinachake consonant ndi mindsets awo. Heidegger, kumizidwa mu maphunziro ake ndi maganizo ake, mulibe nthawi ndi mtima wofunitsitsa kumvetsa tanthauzo la ntchito za lopondereza "theorists" ndi "MEIN Kampf" ndi Hitler. Kayendedwe latsopano akulonjeza ukulu ndi makonzedwe a Germany. mabungwe Student zimathandiza kuti ichi. Heidegger, amene ophunzira akhaafuna, amadziwa ndipo amaganizira maganizo awo. The funde la makanema ojambula dziko komanso akuyandikira izo. Heidegger pang'onopang'ono pogwidwa muukonde a magulu osiyanasiyana Nazi, amene ali mwa University of Freiburg.

Mu April 1934, nzeru zapamwamba mwaufulu kusiya malo rector. Iye kukhala dongosolo kulengedwa kwa Academy aphunzitsi mu Berlin. Martin wasankha kupita mithunzi, chifukwa kudalira mwa mfundo National Socialist anali kale ndi lolemetsa. Izi amapulumutsa ndi nzeru za anthu.

Nkhondo ndi unawonongedwa zaka

Mu zaka wotsatira, iye akupanga angapo malipoti ofunika. Mu 1944 Heidegger analimbikitsa kukumba ngalande mu asilikali. Mu 1945 anapita ku Meskirh kubisa ndipo amapanga mpukutu ako, kenako inanena kuti ndiye Commission pa kuyeretsa. Heidegger komanso akufanana ndi Sartre, ndi abwenzi ndi Jean Jean Beaufret. Kuchokera mu 1946 mpaka 1949 akupitiriza kuletsa kuphunzitsa. Mu 1949, iye amapanga kalabu Bremen 4 pa nkhaniyo, amene mobwerezabwereza mu 1950 mu Academy of Wabwino Tirhana (Bavaria). Heidegger watenga mbali mu zokambirana zosiyanasiyana, kupita mu 1962, Greece. Iye anafa pa May 26, 1978.

Mmasiku awiri mu ntchito ya Heidegger

Mmasiku awiri a kutulutsidwa mu ntchito za woganiza izi. Woyamba unakhala kuchokera 1927 mpaka 1930s m'ma. Kuwonjezera "Kukhala ndi Time", mu zaka zimenezi ntchito, Martin Heidegger analemba zotsatirazi (mu 1929): - "Kant ndi vuto la metaphysics," "Pa akamanena za tsinde la," "Metaphysics N'chiyani?". Kuyambira mu 1935, iwo amayamba nthawi yachiwiri ntchito yake. Chimakhala mpaka mapeto a moyo wa woganiza a. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri nthawi imeneyi: olembedwa mu 1946 ntchito "Gelderin ndi zomwenso ndakatulo" mu 1953 - "Mau oyamba Metaphysics", mu 1961 - "Nietzsche" mu 1959 - "kwa chinenero."

Features za nthawi yoyamba ndi yachiwiri,

Wafilosofi mu nthawi yoyamba ya kuyesera kulenga dongosolo, zomwe ndi chiphunzitso cha umunthu, sankaoneka ngati maziko a moyo wa munthu. Mu Heidegger chachiwiri amatanthauzira malingaliro osiyanasiyana aumunthu. Iye amanena kuti mabuku a olemba akale monga Anaximander, Plato, Aristotle, ndipo ntchito za akuluakulu a masiku ano amene anakhalako, monga R. M. Rilke, Friedrich Nietzsche, F. Hölderlin. Vuto chinenero mu nthawi imeneyi amakhala mfundo yaikulu ya mfundo zake kwa woganiza izi.

Vuto amene amachitikira ndi HEIDEGGER

Martin Heidegger, nzeru zomwe ife ndife chidwi, anaona ntchito zake monga woganiza ndi zifukwa chiphunzitso chatsopano za tanthauzo ndi akamanena za kukhala. Adafuna cholinga, kupeza njira kuti kusintha adequacy pofotokoza maganizo kupyolera mu chinenero. Kuyesetsa nzeru zapamwamba ndi kusonyeza wochenjera mithunzi ya tanthauzo, kugwiritsa ntchito pazipita filosofi.

chilankhulo lachinyengo kwambiri analembedwa ndi ntchito yaikulu ya Heidegger, lofalitsidwa mu 1927 ( "Kukhala ndi Time"). Mwachitsanzo, Berdyaev kuti "kosati" chinenero ntchito, ndiponso ochuluka mawu mapangidwe (mawu "mozhestvovanie" ndi zina) - analikodi kapena, pafupifupi, zopanda kwambiri. Language wa Heidegger Komabe Hegel a, yodziwika ndi mawu makamaka. Mosakayikira, alembi amenewa ndi mabuku awo kalembedwe.

Impasse ku Ulaya linapeza

Martin Heidegger amafuna mwa ntchito zake kuwulula unsembe wa anthu oganiza ku Ulaya, angatchedwe achikhazikitso, amene anapanga pano osafunika boma la chitukuko European. Malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba, ndi wofunika kwambiri iwo anapereka kwa anthu kuganizira kugonjetsa chikhalidwe cha ganizo anatambasula kumbuyo zaka 300. Europe ali ku mapeto akufa zinali iye. deadlock ayenera anafunafuna ndi kumvetsera kunong'oneza, monga Martin Heidegger. nzeru lake mu nkhani iyi si wachibadidwe latsopano. Ambiri anzeru European nkhawa za mmene anthu akusuntha ndi kaya anasintha njira zawo m'njira yoyenera. Komabe, kuganizira, Heidegger tiziwakonda. Iye hypothesizes tikhale "mochedwa" mbiri atachita oyenera ku mapeto ake, imene onse zikakwaniritsidwa "chosasangalatsa Ndondomeko yunifolomu." Nthanthi wake woganiza osaika patsogolo ntchito yopulumutsa dziko. Cholinga cha wodzichepetsa wake. Ndi kumvetsa dziko limene tikukhala.

Analysis kukhala gulu

Nthanthi, chimakhudza pa kusanthula kwa magulu a pokhala. gulu amadzadza ngati zili. Martin Heidegger, amene yonena waperekedwa pamwamba, amakhulupirira zoti munthu akuimira kuyambira chiyambi cha ganizo Western ndi nzeru akadali yemweyo, ndipo pamaso pa zomwe zikumveka tsopano. Malinga ndi ambiri amaivomereza, tsopano ndipamene nthawi ayankhe wotsutsana ndi kale unali ndi tsogolo. Nthawi zoti monga kukhalapo. Mu Umunthu Heidegger a - mu nthawi kuli zinthu zosiyana, kapena existential.

moyo wa munthu

Malinga ndi katswiri wa nzeru za izi, kuli anthu - yapadera kumvetsa zinthu. Munthu kukhala akunena ina akuti "dasien", potero kuswa ndi yapitayi mwambo nzeru, chimene mawuwa amanena za "kukhalapo", "determinate umunthu". Akatswiri a Heidegger wake "dasien" amatanthauza, kani, kuli kutsitsimuka. Only munthu amadziwa kuti umafa, ndipo mungodziwa temporality linakhalapo mwini. Iye ali wokhoza, chifukwa izo, kudziwa moyo wawo.

Kulowa dziko ndi kukhala mu izo, munthu amakhala mkhalidwe nkhawa. Zimenezi zikuoneka ngati umodzi wa mfundo 3, "kuthamanga n'kupitirira", "kukhala m'dziko" ndi "kukhala pansi vnutrimirovom kuti alipo." Heidegger akukhulupirira kuti chinthu existential ndi wamkulu komanso woyamba kukhala omasuka odziwa zinthu zonse.

Nzeru zapamwamba, kuganizira monga "kuthamanga n'kupitirira", "chisamaliro", akufuna kutsindika kusiyana pakati pa munthu ndi mbali yotsala ya kukhalapo weniweni m'dzikoli. Umunthuwo nthawi zonse "amalephera patsogolo." Zimafuna mwayi kotero zatsopano atathana monga "ntchito". Ndiko kuti, moyo wa munthu ukhalabe yokha. Kuzindikira kayendedwe ka nthawi yake anazindikira moyo ntchito. Choncho, tingaganizire munthu monga alipo mu mbiri.

kutanthauzira wina wa "chisamaliro" ( "kukhala pa vnutrimirovom kuti alipo") ndi njira yapadera zokhudza zinthu. Munthu amaona iwo monga anzakewo. chisamaliro dongosolo zimalunzanitsa pamodzi analipo m'tsogolo ndiponso akale. zochita m'mbuyomu pamene Heidegger monga kusiyidwa za m'tsogolo - monga "ntchito," ntchito pa ife, ndipo tsopano - likupita kuti akapolo zinthu. Umunthu mukhoza, malingana patsogolo pa chinthu makamaka kukhala zoona kapena inauthentic.

inauthentic kukhalako

Tikulimbana ndi munthu amene si chenicheni komanso moyo, lolingana izo, pamene zinthu mwayi wokhala ndi chigawo chimodzi cha izi silingamveke miyendo yake kwa munthu, ndiye pamene anali kwathunthu chosakanikirana ndi chilengedwe chikhalidwe ndi cholinga. Malinga Heidegger, inauthentic kuli sangathe kuchotsedwa kusintha chilengedwe. Ndi zinthu munthu ali mu "chikhalidwe cha kupatuka." Heidegger adzaitana inauthentic mode aliko, yodziwika ndi mfundo yakuti munthu ndi kumizidwa kwathunthu mu dziko la zinthu, kuwauza khalidwe lake, kukhalapo mu Palibe yosaoneka. Izo zimatengera tsiku ndi tsiku moyo wa munthu. Ndikuika patsogolo pake, chifukwa cha omasukirana wa iwowa amamangiriridwa kuli ikuthamanga. M'mawu ena, tingathe kumvetsa kukhalako. Ngati akufuna kuti n'zotheka kukula, ife Palibe amatanthauza anthu. chidwi chathu zinagwira izo metaphysics. Imakhala njira yoposa kuli nkhani sakuyembekezera.

Metaphysics mu mamasulidwe a Heidegger

Tikumbukenso kuti Heidegger, kuganiza za metaphysics wa tanthauzo lakelake la izo. wosiyana kwambiri ndi kumvetsa miyambo ya kutanthauzira bungwe Martin Heidegger. metaphysics Kodi, malingana ndi mwambo? Izo kale kale ponena kuti nzeru za lonse kapena mbali yake, kunyalanyaza dialectic. nzeru zatsopano za nthawi, mogwirizana ndi woganiza chidwi kwa ife, ndi metaphysics wa subjectivity. metaphysics ichi, Komanso ndi nihilism wathunthu. tsoka lake ndi chiyani? Heidegger ankakhulupirira kuti metaphysics wakale, wakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi nihilism mu nthawi yathu anamaliza nkhani yake. Mu maganizo ake, zimasonyeza kusintha mu Anthropology nzeru zaumunthu chidziwitso. Kukhala Anthropology, nzeru afa wotuluka metaphysics. Heidegger ankakhulupirira kuti umboni wa zimenezi ndi otchuka kulengeza chiphiphiritso Nietzsche ndi "Mulungu ali akufa." The chiphiphiritso cha zimenezi, ndipotu kusiyidwa a chipembedzo, chimene chiri umboni wa chiwonongeko cha maziko pa chimene anapuma patsogolo zolinga zofunika kwambiri ndi zochokera maganizo anthu dongosolo mu moyo.

nihilism wa modernity

Haydegger Martin ananena kuti kutha kwa ulamuliro wa mpingo ndi Mulungu zikutanthauza kuti malo inawo Zimatengera ulamuliro wa chikumbumtima ndi chifukwa. patsogolo zakale m'malo ndi kuthawira ku gawo la mphamvu ya dziko lino. Cholinga cha mtendere wosatha, umene uli otherworldly, lidzasinthidwa chimwemwe padziko lapansi anthu ambiri. Kufala kwa chitukuko, chikhalidwe komanso aluso m'malo mwa chisamaliro cha mwambo achipembedzo, monga Martin Heidegger anati. Machinery ndi malingaliro aonekere. Kodi mbali yoyamba ya Mulungu m'Baibulo - zilandiridwenso - tsopano amadziwika zochita za anthu. zilandiridwenso anthu zipita gesheft ndi malonda. Atafa chikhalidwe kuchepa siteji ya kukula. Nihilism ndi chizindikiro cha masiku ano. Nihilism, malinga Heidegger, - choonadi kuti cholinga wakale wa zinthu zonse anagwedezeka. choonadi ichi chimabwera yakulamulira. Komabe, ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe lokonda mfundo zikuluzikulu za nihilism zimaonekeratu ndi kutimasula ntchito kukhazikitsa atsopano. A maganizo nihilistic kwa mfundo ndi maulamuliro sindikusamala, ngakhale, kuima chitukuko chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi maganizo athu.

Kodi ndondomeko ya nthawi ndi mwachisawawa?

Kumbukirani, kunena nzeru za mbiri Martina Haydeggera, kuti mogwirizana ndi maganizo ake, si mwachisawawa ndondomeko wokhalapo accommodates mibadwo. Ndi mosalephera. Woganiza ankakhulupirira kuti kubera anthu tsogolo sangathe imathandizira. Komabe, iwo akhoza kuwona, ife basi ayenera kuphunzira kumvera kuli ndi kufunsa mafunso. Ndiyeno n'kutsatira kubwera m'dziko latsopano. Izo, monga Heidegger, kutsogoleredwa "Mwachibadwa", ndiye kuti Kumvetsela ntchito akukonzekera zolinga zonse zitheka. Choncho nedochelovechestvo kukhala sikuti.

Awiri mitundu maganizo

M'pofunika kupita kutali zolakwa, olakwika ndi chidziwitso kuti kusintha zinachitika. Kumvetsa nihilism amene anagunda chikumbumtima European, izo angathandize kuthana ulendo uno zovuta ndi yaitali. Only ndi nzeru zatsopano, sizikugwirizana ndi "nzeru sayansi" zakale, angathe kuchitira phunziro la dziko mothandizidwa ndi kumvetsera kwa izo. Heidegger amaona mu chitukuko cha nzeru za sayansi akuda nkhawa chizindikiro, nanena kuti amaziralira kuzindikira maganizo ndi kukula masamu. Izi mitundu iwiri maganizo kuima ntchito yakuti "Detachment", lofalitsidwa mu 1959. kusanthula awo - maziko a chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso cha zochitika mu dera la moyo pagulu. Malinga Heidegger, masamu kapena masamu ikufotokoza maganizo ndi zolinga, izo linaŵerengera n'zotheka, pamene kupenda n'zotheka zotsatira za kukhazikitsa awo. Mtundu wa maganizo ndi wazotsatira. Sangathe kuganizira kulamulira mu lingaliro lonse. Kumvetsa maganizo akuswa pa monyanyira wake zenizeni. Komabe,, pamaso pa zokambirana komanso maphunziro apadera, kupewa izi kwambiri ndi kufikira choonadi cha kukhala yokha. Malinga Heidegger, izi zikomo zotheka phenomenology, yomwe imalimbikitsa "kudziwa kutanthauzira" ndi hermeneutics.

Kodi zoona, malinga Heidegger

Zambiri zomwe anatsindika ntchito yake, Martin Heidegger. maganizo ake ikukhudzana, makamaka, momwe choonadi. woganiza ichi, kuganizira, komanso nkhawa za kukhala mu ntchito lotchedwa "akamanena za Choonadi" amachokera chakuti malingaliro wamba amachita kupyolera maganizo kumatanthauza kuchita izi. Komabe, kodi ndi zoona? Martin Heidegger mwachidule anayankha funso limeneli motere: "Ndizo zoona." Woganiza ananena kuti ife timachitcha koona alipo, koma koposa zonse, mawu athu za iye. Kodi inuyo kupewa zonyenga ndiponso kuphunzitsira choonadi? Kuchita izi, amanena kuti ndi "malamulo kumanga". Pokhala, malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba uno, chinachake wosatha ndi osabvunda, sayendera chiwonongeko anthu ndi waufupi, choonadi yotengedwa ndi munthu, mwa kuchuluka kwa Kupezeka kwa zinthu zonse. Pankhaniyi, ufulu wa maganizo ndi Heidegger monga "mfundo sakupezeka wokhalapo." Ndi kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe kofunika choonadi. Ngati palibe ufulu, mulibe choonadi. Chizindikiritso cha ufulu ndi ufulu kuyenda ndi kusaka. Yendani - gwero la chisokonezo Komabe, umunthu kuwalaka ndi kuulula tanthauzo la kukhalapo, monga Martin Heidegger. Philosophy (lalifupi nkhani zake) wa woganiza uyu anali kuwunikira m'nkhani ino.

malingaliro Heidegger kawirikawiri, ndi kufuna kuthetsa chibadidwe wakale, outmoded nzeru zolakwa ndi kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto aakulu kwambiri a moyo wa anthu. Kuti ndi ntchito kuika patsogolo Martin Heidegger. Zilembedwe za ntchito zake kukhalabe kutchuka kwambiri. Ntchito ya mlembi izi amaonedwa ofunika nzeru. Existentialism Martina Haydeggera Motero, sindinataye kufunika kwake lero.