Herald - ndani uyu? Ochiritsa - "otsala" a malonda amakono

Malingana ndi deta yomwe tapatsidwa ndi madikishonale omveka bwino, herald ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi wolamulira yemwe amawerenga chifuniro chake kwa anthu. Kuphatikizanso apo, anthu awa amadziwa anthu okhala mumzinda ndi nkhani zatsopano ndi zolemba. The Herald anali ndi udindo wapadera kukhoti, anali ndi mwayi wapadera.

Asayansi amasiku ano amakhulupirira kuti wofalitsayo ndi munthu wapadera, yemwe ali, motero, woyang'anira bizinesi ya malonda. Koma tiyeni tiyambe ndi nkhaniyi.

Kale

Yemwe a herald, adadziwa kale kwambiri. Lero akukhulupilira kuti panthawiyo nthawi yoyamba imaonekera. Zimachokera ku zolembedwa zomwe zapitirirabe mpaka lero kuti asayansi asonkhanitsa zokhudzana ndi zofunikira ndi malamulo olemba zolemba zamalonda, nyumba yokhazikika yopereka zolondola zofunika.

Tacitus ndi Suetonius, Herodotus ndi Plutarch ndi akatswiri ena olemba mbiri yakale omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa m'malemba awo. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbali zosiyana za ntchitoyi ndi. Kotero, herald. Ameneyu ndi ndani? Ndipo kodi katswiri wina wotereyu anasiyana bwanji ndi wina?

Magulu atatu a azitsamba

M'mizinda yakale, ochiritsawo anagawa m'magulu angapo. Ena amagwira ntchito, tiyeni tinene kuti, poyandikira, pafupi ndi wolamulira ndikuchita maumboni. Ena - anasankhidwa ndi anthu ndipo anachita ngati amithenga, omwe amapereka uthenga wofunikira ndi kufalitsa uthenga. Mu ndale zakale za Agiriki, herald ndi munthu wodalirika kotheratu ku boma.

Pomalizira, gulu lachitatu linali logwirizana ndi malonda. Kodi mlalikiyo ndi ndani? Uyu ndi munthu wolemera kwambiri, wogwira ntchito, monga lamulo, payekha. Anamulemba ntchito, kotero kuti mosangalala ndi zazyvno adalengeza katundu wawo. Barker wotereyo amapereka kugula chinthu chimodzi kapena china, chotchedwa liwu lofuula la mtengo ndi zida za katunduyo.

Msika wa herald ndi wolemera, makamaka ngati angathe kufuula mokweza ndi zazyvno. Awa anali malingaliro a onse omwe analembedwa ngati ophunzira kwa akatswiri odziwika mumzindawu. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amachititsa kuti azitsulozi aziwatsutsa. Choonadi chiripo. Ntchito inayenera kuchita zonse zomwe zingatheke, kotero kuti anthu adagula katundu woperekedwa. Iwo ankanena nthabwala, anawonjezera ndemanga zokhumudwitsa, pamene sakayiwala kutamanda katunduyo. Chisangalalo chokondweretsa, ndithudi, chinakopa ena ogula malonda, ndipo malonda anali achangu.

Zizindikiro

Malingana ndi zikhumbo zomwe a herald anali nazo, wina amatha kudziwa nthawi yomweyo kuti ndi ndani komanso amene amamutumikira ("mbuye", wamalonda kapena wochita malonda). Mzinda wamba wa herald, monga lamulo, unali ndi belu kapena lipenga, zomwe anawatcha anthu. Kumva phokoso la mabelu akulira, anthu ammudzimo anafulumira kupita kumalo aakulu. A simple herald adanena, monga lamulo, za tsiku lapafupi la nkhondo zowonongeka kapena kugawa chakudya kwa osauka.

Udindo wambiri ndi wofunika ndi ntchito ya wolamulira. Izi ndizitsulo zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, zomwe zakhala zikukhala ndi belu yaying'ono m'malo mochepetsera caduceum. Ndodo yomwe inali m'manja mwa wofalitsayo inali chizindikiro cha udindo wake wapamwamba komanso umboni wa kukhala "amithenga a milungu."

Munthu woteroyo sanauzenso za mkate kapena mikangano, adawauza anthu za zofunikira za boma, za msonkhano wa mzinda, za kuyendera ambassy. Alangizi amtengo wapatali adaloledwa kubisa zida za ankhondo ndi kupambana kwa olamulira-opambana. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti iwo ndi otsogolera a olengeza amakono ndi olemba nkhani.

Makolo akale a malonda

Popanda osonkhana, osati msonkhano umodzi, tsiku la chikondwerero kapena chochitika china chofunikira chikhoza kupitirira. Herald - ndi chiyani? Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti uwu ndi malo omwe munthu amakhala nawo pakuphimba zochitika nthawi iliyonse, kulikonse. Anthuwa amawauza anthu za kuyamba kwa maliro a maliro. Zychnye akufuula ndi kupsa mtima - zomwe zinali zofunika pa ntchito ya herald.

Amakhulupirira kuti iwo ndi makolo a zamakono zamakono. Makamaka zimakhudzidwa ndi zotchingazi, zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamisika komanso m'mabwalo ambiri. Ngati mutembenuza mawu oti "kubwezeretsa" kuchokera ku Latin, amatanthauza "kufuula, kufuula, kufuula, kufuula".

Otsatsa "adalengeza" anthu amphamvu, akuyimba nyimbo zawo kwa anthu. Iwo "adalengeza" amalonda ndi olamulira, kuwauza anthu zomwe adachita ndi zomwe adazipeza. "Kugulitsa" kunali kuitanirana kwa nkhondo zowonongeka, pomwe malonda anali okhudzidwa kwambiri.