Kodi Kakhungu? Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya nembanemba

Kodi Kakhungu? Mfundo imeneyi ntchito muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo ndi sayansi. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo, iwo ali ndi tanthauzo losiyana. Koma, mwanjira ina, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amagwirizana ndi mawu. Kumasulira kwa Latin "Kakhungu" - ndi nembanemba.

kutanthauzira zosiyanasiyana za chiphunzitso cha

Pakali pano, mfundo luso ndi zomangamanga pokambirana za filimu woonda kapena mbale pa dera monga maikolofoni kapena gauges kuthamanga.

Mu zamoyo, Kakhungu amatanthauza zotanuka dongosolo maselo amapezeka pa foni ndipo atetezedwe ku makhalidwe zachilengedwe ntchito ya chilengedwe. Iwo amaonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa maselo kumatanthauza njira kagayidwe kachakudya ndi dzikoli.

N'zosiyana osmosis Kakhungu

Mmodzi wa zoyambitsidwa posachedwapa ndi n'zosiyana osmosis gawo, yomwe ntchito ayeretsedwa ndi madzi. nyumba imeneyi ndi chubu kukhala pansi ndi chivindikiro. Mkati mwa chubu ichi ndi ili chabe chigamulocho osmosis Kakhungu, pamaso umene lili ultrapure madzi kumasulidwa ku bacteriological kuipitsidwa zosiyanasiyana ndi madipoziti kwachilengedwenso. madzi limagwirira kuyeretsa zachokera kuchepetsa mpata akufa, imene tizilombo akhoza kudziunjikira.

zigawo zimenezi akhala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala kapena kukhala enieni kwambiri, zofunika hemodialysis ndi zida ultrapure madzi.

Kakhungu migolo ndi akasinja kukula. m'malo awo

Migolo ndi akasinja kuwonjezeka - ndi zipangizo kuti ntchito kukwaniritsa kuthamanga muyeso (buku) mkati chipangizo magetsi.

ndi Kakhungu mu nkhani imeneyi? mchitidwe Ichi ndi mbali yaikulu ya mtundu wa chipangizo. Zingamvekere ntchito Mwachangu ndi lodalirika dongosolo lonse. Mawonekedwe a Kakhungu ndi siyana. Ndi zakulera, mpira ndi zibaluni. Ngati thanki buku lalikulu, ndiye kumbuyo kwa zitsulo koyenera membala ali anaikapo, mmene pali dzenje kwa mosonyeza mpweya. Malinga munda wa ntchito chipangizo amasankhidwa mfundo kupanga Kakhungu lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu akasinja patsogolo dongosolo Kutentha muyezo waukulu ndi kukana matenthedwe ndi mlingo durability. Pankhani ya madzi ozizira posankha zinthu Kakhungu akutsogoleredwa ndi muyezo wa elasticity mphamvu.

Mwatsoka, palibe zinthu zimene zikhoza ukutchedwa konsekonse. Choncho, kusankha lamanja wina wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri chifukwa ntchito yaitali chipangizo ndi ntchito zake kumabungwewa. Nthawi zambiri, mbale unapangidwa mphira achilengedwe, ndi kupanga butyl mphira kapena EPR.

M'malo ikukwaniritsa detaching nembanemba accumulator kapena chotengera kuwonjezeka kwa dongosolo. Choyamba detach ndi zomangira akugwira flange ndi nyumba. Mu ena mayunitsi, pali fixture m'dera nipple. Pambuyo Kupha wake nembanemba mosavuta kuchotsedwa. Mwa kuchita kanthu n'zosiyana ndi zofunika kuika Kakhungu latsopano.

nembanemba polymeric

Lingaliro la "polima Kakhungu" ntchito milandu angapo. Choyamba, izo ntchito pamene akulankhula za umodzi wa masiku ambiri ndi wachikulire mfundo za kufunika zipangizo denga. mtundu nembanemba amenewa chopangidwa ndi njira extrusion ntchito kupereka pakalibe voids mu zikuchokera nkhani yotsirizidwa. Ubwino wa mankhwala polima akhoza zimachitika mtheradi madzi kukana, nthunzi permeability, otsika kulemera kwake, otsika flammability, chitetezo zachilengedwe.

Mawu akuti "polima Kakhungu" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamene izo zifika amene tatchula kale pamwambapa mbale wa osmosis n'zosiyana, komanso zina zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa kuchokera ma polima organic. Izi micro- ndi ultrafiltration mankhwala, Kakhungu ntchito nanofiltration lapansi. The ntchito zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana polymeric m'nkhaniyi ndi workability mkulu ndi kulamulira kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ndi katundu wa nkhaniyo. Limagwiritsa ntchito yofanana ka mankhwala ndi sayansi kupanga ndondomeko.

The maselo. Maselo - unit wa zamoyo zonse

Iwo akhala kudziwika chakuti zofunika structural unit selo ya zamoyo. Iwo chikuimira gawo kusiyanitsidwa wa cytoplasm, umene wazunguliridwa ndi khungu nembanemba. Mu ndondomeko ya kusanduka, monga ife kukuza malire a magwiridwe, izo anapeza kusinthasintha ndi mochenjera, monga njira zofunika kwambiri m'thupi zikuchitika mu maselo.

Maselo - khungu malire amene akuimira chotchinga chachilengedwe pakati pa nkhani mkati ndi zachilengedwe. Waukulu khalidwe Mbali nembanemba ndi semipermeable, yomwe imapereka kutengedwa ma chinyezi ndi zakudya ndi kuchotsa mankhwala kuwonongeka therefrom. Maselo - ichi ndi chachikulu structural zikuluzikulu za gulu selo.

Mbiri mfundo zokhudzana anatulukira ndi kuphunzira selo nembanemba

Mu 1925, Grendel ndi Gorder bwinobwino kukhazikitsa kuyesera kudziwa "mthunzi" maselo a magazi. Zinali iwo amene m'kupita kwa zatsopano, woyamba kupeza zamadzimadzi bilayer. Oyendetsa ntchito zawo Danielle Dawson, Robertson, Nicholson mu zaka osiyana ntchito pa chilengedwe cha chitsanzo madzi-zithunzi dongosolo Kakhungu. Potsiriza chidachitika Singsheru mu 1972.

Ntchito yaikulu ya selo nembanemba

• Kulekana kwa nkhani mkati mwa selo ku zigawo kunja chilengedwe.
• Kuthandiza kukonza wa mosalekeza wa mipweya mwa selo.
• Lamulo bwino kagayidwe kachakudya.
• Kubverana maselo.
• Alamu ntchito.
• Ntchito zozitetezera.

plasma m'chimake

ndi Kakhungu, ndilo lotchedwa plasma m'chimake ndi chiyani? Izi akunja khoma selo, yomwe ndi matabwa ake ndi filimu makulidwe a 5-7 ultramicroscopic nanomillimetrov. Iwo limapangidwa mankhwala mapuloteni, phospholipids, madzi. Mufilimuyi, pokhala kwambiri zotanuka, zabwino chinyezi mayamwidwe komanso amatha kuchira liwiro lake mofulumira okhulupirika.

Madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu amakhala ndi dongosolo chilengedwe. ndi malire ake udindo amachititsa nawo ndondomeko za kusankha permeability mu derivation wa zinyalala selo. Zimavuta kuchita zinthu oyandikana ndi molondola kuteteza nkhani zisaonongeke, nembanemba akunja ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri dongosolo cha ndende.

Woonda wosanjikiza, nthawi zina chimakwirira maselo a zamoyo otchedwa glycocalyx. Amakhala mapulotini polysaccharides. Kakhungu mu chomera maselo amateteza wapadera pamwamba mpanda, amenenso amachita chithandizo ntchito ndi kukhalabe mawonekedwe. Makamaka tichipeza CHIKWANGWANI - insoluble polysaccharide.

Choncho, tinganene kuti ntchito pakati ndi akunja selo nembanemba kubwezeretsa, chitetezo komanso mogwirizana ndi maselo wapafupi.

mbali structural

Kodi Kakhungu? Izi chipolopolo makina, mmene m'lifupi ndi 6-10 nanomillimetrov. Maziko a matabwa ake ndi zamadzimadzi bilayer ndi mapuloteni. Chakudya zimapezekanso mu nembanemba, koma chifukwa cha 10 okha% ya kulemera Kakhungu n'kofunika. Koma iwo ayenera kupezeka mu glycolipids kapena glycoproteins.

Ngati ife kulankhula za chiŵerengero mapulotini lipids, akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri. Izi zidalira pa mtundu wa nsalu. Mwachitsanzo, mu myelin lili 20% mapuloteni, ndi mitochondria - pafupifupi 80%. The zikuchokera Kakhungu ndi likukhudza kachulukidwe ake. The apamwamba a mapuloteni okhutira, ndi apamwamba osalimba a mthunzi.

The zosiyanasiyana ntchito za lipids

Aliyense zamadzimadzi mu chikhalidwe ndi phospholipid, popangidwa ndi mogwirizana kwa glycerol ndi sphingosine. Mozungulira mtembo lokhala anakonza zamadzimadzi Kakhungu mapuloteni koma iwo sali wosanjikiza mosalekeza. Ena mwa iwo amizidwa wosanjikiza lipids, pamene ena ngati kuthamanga mu izo. Ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo m'madera amene permeable kwa madzi.

Zoonekeratu n'chakuti zikuchokera lipids mu nembanemba zosiyanasiyana si mwachisawawa, koma momveka bwino kuti zodabwitsazi ali yapezeka. Chipolopolo iliyonse akhoza muli mpaka zana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo zamadzimadzi. Taganizirani zinthu zimene zingakhudze mtima wa zamadzimadzi zikuchokera mamolekyulu nembanemba.

• Choyamba, zamadzimadzi osakaniza ayenera angathe kupanga bilayers khola limene mapuloteni akhoza kugwira.
• Kachiwiri, lipids, ayenera kuthandiza ziziyenda bwino mu kwambiri olumala Kakhungu kukhudzana pakati nembanemba kapena zenizeni mapuloteni kumangako.
• Kachitatu, lipids - bioregulators.
• Chachinayi, ena lipids gulu mwakhama zochita biosynthesis.

mapulotini selo nembanemba

Mapuloteni kutumikira ntchito zingapo. Ena ndi mbali ya michere ndi ena osiyanasiyana -transportiruyut zinthu kwa chilengedwe mu chipinda ndipo mosemphanitsa.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya Kakhungu ndi imakonzedwa m'njira kuti mapuloteni yofunika kusinthitsa mu izo, kukhalabe pa ubwenzi wolimba. Koma mapuloteni zotumphukira womangidwa kwa Kakhungu si anthu ambiri. Ntchito yawo ndi kusunga dongosolo la mthunzi, kulandira ndi kusintha chizindikiro kwa chilengedwe ndi kutumikira monga catalysts kwa zochita zosiyanasiyana.

Zikuchokera Kakhungu ikuyimiridwa makamaka bimolecular wosanjikiza. Iwo amaonetsetsa kupitiriza chotchinga ndi makina zimatha selo. Mu ndondomeko ya moyo kuphwanya bilayer dongosolo kumachitika, zomwe zimachititsa mapangidwe zopindika structural kudzera pores hydrophilic. Zitatha izi, angasokoneze ntchito zonse selo nembanemba.

katundu wa mthunzi

Zimatha selo nembanemba chifukwa fluidity ake, chifukwa amene alibe dongosolo okhwima. Lipids, membala ake, angachititse momasuka. Munthu angathe kusunga asymmetry wa khungu nembanemba. Ichi ndi chifukwa kusiyana kwa mapuloteni ndi zamadzimadzi zigawo nyimbo.

Izo zinali polarity wa selo nembanemba, ndiye mbali ake akunja ali ndi mlandu zabwino, ndipo mkati - palibe. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti chipolopolo ali ndi kuzindikira kusankha. Iye skips mkati, kuwonjezera madzi okha magulu ena a mamolekyulu ndi ayoni kusungunuka zinthu.

Features ya kapangidwe ka selo nembanemba zomera ndi zinyama

Lakunja Kakhungu ndi endoplasmic reticulum maselo imayendera. Nthawi zambiri pamwamba chipolopolo aphimbidwa ndi zina protrusions zosiyanasiyana makutu microvilli. The plasma nembanemba wa zamoyo selo nyama kunja glycoprotein TACHIMATA wosanjikiza ndi kukachita ntchito lilime ma siginalo. Mu chomera maselo kunja chipolopolo izi wina wakuda ndi bwino distinguishable pansi maso a. CHIKWANGWANI kumene ndi kukhala mapangidwe thandizo kuchokera chomera minofu ya chiyambi, monga matabwa.

Nyama maselo komanso ndi nyumba kunja linali kunja nembanemba lapansi. Iwo amagwira zoteteza kwambiri. Monga chitsanzo, chitin zopezeka ❖ kuyanika tizilombo minofu.

Kuwonjezera pa foni, pali okhudza maselo ambiri kapena mkati nembanemba. Iwo ukugawa m'chipinda anatseka makontena apadera otchedwa organelles. Iwo ankachita kumatanthauza chilengedwe ayenera anakhalabe.

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, tinganene kuti maselo ndi makhalidwe zosonyeza kufunika kwake mu ntchito kwa chamoyo lonse, ali zikuchokera zovuta ndi dongosolo limene zimadalira zinthu zambiri mkati ndi kunja. Kuwonongeka kwa filimu kungachititse kuti selo imfa.

Choncho, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya Kakhungu chimadalira pa dera la sayansi ndi mafakitale, limene zosiyana umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mulimonsemo, chinthu ichi ndi chipolopolo kapena kugawa amene ali kusinthasintha ndipo chili pa konsekonse.