Krypton - chinthu mankhwala. chilinganizo krypton

Padziko lathuli lilipo kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osiyana, organic ndi mchere zinthu. Choncho, munthu poyera, apanga ndi ntchito ndi oposa theka miliyoni nyumba dziko organic ndi oposa 500,000 kunja. Ndipo chaka chithunzi ichi ikukula, monga chitukuko cha makampani mankhwala si chilili, mayiko zikukangalika kukhala ndi kulimbikitsa izo.

Koma n'zosadabwitsa ngakhale. Ndipo chakuti zosiyanasiyana zonse zinthu anamanga onse a 118 zinthu mankhwala. Ndicho kwenikweni lalikulu! Zodziwitsa dongosolo la zinthu mankhwala ndi maziko, zimene zimaonetsa amasonyeza zosiyanasiyana dziko organic ndi zochita kupanga.

Gulu la zinthu mankhwala a

Pali zingapo deta nyumba mungachite panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira. Choncho, tebulo zodziwitsa mu umagwirira salembedwa m'magulu awiri:

• zinthu zitsulo (ambiri);
• nonmetals (m'munsi gawo).

M'menemo woyamba zinthu mpaka ili pansipa malire notional opendekera ku boron kuti astatine, ndipo chachiwiri - anthu pamwambapa. Komabe, pali kuchotserapo kwa Gawo lino mwachitsanzo, tini (alipo alpha- ndi beta-mawonekedwe, mmodzi amene - zitsulo, ndi zina - ndi nonmetal). Choncho, chotero zosinthika otchedwa kulekana sangathe chilungamo kwathunthu.

Komanso dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala akhoza m'magulu malinga ndi katundu wa masika.

1. Kukhala katundu zofunika (kuchepetsa) - zitsulo lililonse mfundo za chachikulu gulu 1.2 gulu (kupatulapo beryllium).
2. Kukhala katundu acidic (oxidants) - nonmetals lililonse. 6.7 Zochitika za magulu waukulu, boma magulu.
3. katundu Amphoteric (wapawiri) - onse zitsulo ndi boma magulu ena a pamwamba.
4. Zochitika, nonmetals, ndipo zimapezeka monga kuchepetsa wothandizila ndi monga oxidants (malinga anachita).

Nthawi zambiri zimakhala anaphunzira zinthu mankhwala. sukulu 8 kalasi cholinga kuphunzira nyumba zonse kukumbukira mayina khalidwe ndi katchulidwe mu Russian. Ichi ndi chofunika kuti munthu wodziwa bwino lophunzira umagwirira m'tsogolo, chifukwa cha zonse. Nthawi tebulo umagwirira nthawi zonse m'munda wa maganizo a ana, koma kudziwa zambiri ndi reactivity wa iwo adakali.

A gulu lapadera m'dziko lino akutenga chitatu. Zinthu za subgroup waukulu otchedwa mfulu - wolemekezeka - mpweya kwa zipolopolo awo anamaliza pakompyuta ndi, monga Motero, otsika mankhwala reactivity. Mmodzi wa iwo - krypton, chinthu mankhwala pa nambala 36 - tidzakambirana mwa ife mwatsatanetsatane. Ena mwa anzake pa tebulo komanso ndi mpweya chotanganidwa ndi ntchito ambiri mwa munthu.

Krypton - chinthu mankhwala

wokhala uwu wa System nthawi ndi nthawi ndi nthawi chachinayi, gulu chitatu, wa subgroups chachikulu. Siriyo chiwerengero, motero chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ndi mlandu nyukiliya (nambala ya mapulotoni) = 36. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti kodi chilinganizo amagetsi a krypton. Lembani izo: _{+ 36} Kr 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4S ² 4p ^{10 6} 3D.

Mwachionekere, kunja mphamvu mlingo wa maatomu ndi mofikapo. Kudziwa ndi reactivity otsika kwambiri za chinthu ichi. Komabe, zinthu zina koma amalowerera kulowa mphamvu zina zochita mpweya khola monga krypton. Chemical amafotokozera, kapena kani, malo ake dongosolo, dongosolo zamagetsi, ndi kulola kupeza khalidwe lina lofunika la maatomu: valence. Kuti ndi kuthekera kwa kupanga kumangidwa mankhwala.

Kawirikawiri timanena kuti ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse chifukwa cha boma sanali okondwa ndi ma atomu ndi wofanana ndi chiwerengero gulu, imene ili (ngati inu mumawerengera kuchokera oyamba chachinayi mu dongosolo, ndiyeno mosinthanitsa, 1234321). Komabe, valence wa krypton mu chimango ichi si woyenera, chifukwa palibe posts zina mphamvu, mwachitsanzo popanda malemeredwe wa maatomu, ambirife kwathunthu inert ndi valence ake ziro.

Ngati koma kukwaniritsa malemeredwe ake atomu, ndi ma elekitironi kuti athandize awiriwiri ndi mnyamata-kumatula ndi ufulu 4d yozungulira. Choncho nkotheka valence krypton: 2,4,6. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma lolingana ndi + (+ 2, + 4, + 6).

History of anapeza

Atapeza mpweya inert - argon mu 1894, helium mu 1985 - kulosera ndi kutsimikizira kuthekera kuli m'chilengedwe ena mosavuta Mitundu ya mpweya kwa asayansi sanali. Kuyesetsa waukulu umenewu anagwira William Ramsay, amene anatulukira argon. Moyenerera ankakhulupirira kuti mu mlengalenga pali mpweya inert, koma chiwerengero chawo ndi zonyozeka kuti njira sangathe kukonza pamaso pawo.

Choncho, umathandiza amafotokozera krypton anali zaka zochepa. Mu chaka cha 1898, mpweya anali akutali Neon mpweya, ndi pambuyo pake, ndi zina inert pawiri kuti ndi n'kovuta kupeza ndi kudzipatula, anaganiza dzina krypton. Ndipotu, kuchokera Greek "Kryptos" amatanthauza obisika.

icho sichikanakhoza wapezeka kwa nthawi yaitali, zinali zovuta kwambiri. Izo zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti mu umodzi mita kiyubiki mpweya lili milliliter limodzi mpweya. Ndiko kuti, kuchuluka ndi zosakwana thimble! Kuti kunali kotheka kufufuza mankhwala, zinatitengera zana masentimita kiyubiki mpweya madzi. Mwamwayi, pa nthawi, asayansi anatha kukhala njira yopangira ndi liquefying mpweya lalikulu zedi. Chotero zinthu zinasintha analola kuti ziwayendere bwino mu Kupezeka kwa W. Ramsay mchitidwe krypton.

deta Spectroscopic anatsimikizira apeza kuyambirira wa mankhwala atsopano. "Obisika" mpweya ali ndi mzere zatsopano mu sipekitiramu, amene sanali mu ubale panthawi imeneyo.

Anapanga yosavuta chinthu ndi chilinganizo ake ndi

Ngati krypton - chinthu mankhwala a mafuta inert, m'pomveka kuganiza kuti zingakhale nkhani yamasewera oyaka mamolekyulu. Ndi. Zambiri mankhwala krypton - Kr mpweya ndi mfundo monohydric. Kawirikawiri ife anazolowera kuona mpweya ndi index "2" Mwachitsanzo, O _2, H _2, ndi zina zotero. Koma chinthu ichi ndi chosiyana chifukwa ndiwe wa banja mpweya wolemekezeka ndi wathunthu elekitironi chipolopolo atomu.

thupi katundu

Mofanana ndi mankhwala ena aliwonse mu izi alinso ndi makhalidwe yake. Zotsatirazi thupi katundu wa krypton.

1. gasi lolemera kwambiri - katatu kuposa mpweya.
2. No kukoma.
3. Colorless.
4. Odorless.
5. Kuwira mfundo -152 ⁰ C.
6. The kachulukidwe ya mankhwala pa zinthu zachilendo, 3,74 g / L.
7. Limatsogolera mfundo -157.3 ⁰ C.
8. mkulu ionization mphamvu ndi 14 EV.
9. Electronegativity ndi ndithu mkulu - 2.6.
10. Sungunuka benzene, pang'ono mu madzi. Ndi kukula kutentha solubility wa madzimadzi amachepetsa. Komanso wothira Mowa.
11. Firiji, ali permittivity.

Choncho, krypton mpweya ali makhalidwe okwanira kuchita mankhwala ndi kukhala zothandiza katundu aliyense payekha.

katundu mankhwala

Ngati kutengerapo krypton (mpweya) mu boma olimba, izo crystallizes mu okhudza malo granetsentricheskuyu latisi kiyubiki. Mu chikhalidwe ichi, ndi adakhoza kulowa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Iwo ndi ochepa, koma kulibe.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya zipangizo, omwe analandira pamaziko a krypton.

1. ndipamene clathrates ndi madzi: ^Kr. 5,75N ₂ O.

2. Mitundu iwo ndi zinthu organic:

• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H, HA;
• ^2,14Kr. 12C ₆ H ₅ CH _3;
• ^2Kr. CCl _^4. 17H ₂ Inu;
• ^2Kr. CHCL _^3. 17H ₂ Inu;
• ^2Kr. _{(CH3) 2} ^NKHA. 17H ₂ Inu;
• 0,75 ^Kr. LC ₆ H ₄ (o) _2.

3. Mu zikhalidwe aakulu akhoza kutani ndi fluorine, amene oxidized. Choncho, ndi reagent wa chilinganizo krypton amatenga mawonekedwe: KrF _2, kapena krypton difluoride. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu pawiri 2.

4. Ndi posachedwapa wakwanitsa lithe pawiri womwenso limasonyeza pakati krypton ndi mpweya: Kr-O (Kr (OTeF _{5) 2).}

5. Finland ali ndi chidwi mix wa krypton ndi acetylene otchedwa gidrokriptoatsetilen: HKrC≡CH.

6. krypton fluoride (4) alinso KrF _4. Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi, pawiri angathe kupanga ofooka ndi wosakhazikika krypton asidi, amene amadziwika yekha ndi mchere barium: BaKrO _4.

7. Dongosolo la krypton mu yogwirizana anapangidwa kuchokera difluoride ake, zikuwoneka ngati izi:

• KrF ⁺ SbF ₆ ^-;
• Kr ₂ F ₃ ⁺ AuF ₆ ^-.

Motero, zikuoneka kuti ngakhale mankhwala inertness, izi zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho mpweya kuchepetsa katundu ndipo angaloŵe mogwirizana mankhwala ndi zinthu kuyeza kwambiri. Ichi chimapereka akatswiri padziko lonse kuwala wobiriwira kuthekera akufufuza "zobisika" mpweya chigawo. N'zotheka kuti latsopano mankhwala kuti kupeza ntchito lonse ukadaulo ndi makampani posachedwapa apanga.

Khama la gasi

Pali njira zingapo kudziŵa mpweya:

• koromatogarafe;
• kafukufuku wazamawalidwe;
• kusanthula mayamwidwe njira.

Pali zinthu zochepa zokonzedwa ndi njira yomweyo, iwo anaika tebulo nthawi. Krypton, xenon, radon - akwaniritse mpweya wolemekezeka ndi ambiri chisawawa. Choncho, kudziwa iwo ndi zifunika zovuta njira zimenezi physico-mankhwala.

Njira lokonzekera

Njira yaikulu kupeza - ndi processing madzi mpweya. Koma chifukwa zili otsika kachulukidwe wa krypton m'pofunika pokonza mamiliyoni kiyubiki mamita kwa kupanga pang'ono mpweya mfulu. Dongosolo lonse chikuchitika mu magawo atatu.

1. mpweya chithandizo mu mlengalenga kulekana mizati wapadera. Choncho pali gulu la otaya okwana zinthu pa kachigawo ankawonjezereka - chisakanizo cha hydrocarbon ndi mpweya chabwino mpweya madzi, komanso mbandakucha - ambiri wodetsedwa mpweya. Popeza ambiri mwa mankhwala kuphulika, ndime ali ndi wapadera umene payipi, amene kamodzi analekanitsa zigawo yakula. Pakati pawo, ndipo krypton. Pa kuchoka, iye kwambiri wowonongedwa ndi nkhani yachilendo. Kupeza mankhwala wangwiro, lifunika zina pansi angapo mankhwala enieni mankhwala ndi solvents wapadera.
2. Pa nthawi imeneyi, osakaniza krypton ndi xenon, zakhudzana ndi chimasanduka. Kukonza ntchito zipangizo zapadera zimene makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kumamatira kwa osakaniza kuthetsa zigawo zikuluzikulu kwambiri osafunika. Pankhaniyi osakaniza yokha amakhalabe chosagawanika mpweya wolemekezeka pamodzi. Komanso, dongosolo lonse chikuchitika pansi kuthamanga, kuchititsa kusintha mafuta boma madzi.
3. Pa chomaliza Pasakhale kukhala chomaliza mpweya osakaniza kupeza chiyero makamaka mkulu wa krypton ndi xenon. Pakuti ichi unsembe wapadera wapadera linapangidwa mwaluso wangwiro ndondomeko imeneyi. Chifukwa ndi mkulu mankhwala khalidwe mu mawonekedwe a krypton gaseous.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti onse njira anafotokoza kungakhale ozungulira, osaima kupanga ngati feedstock - mpweya - aperekedwa mlingo woyenerera. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kaphatikizidwe mpweya mfulu, kuphatikizapo krypton, mu mafakitale mwaunyinji kwambiri.

Yosungirako ndi zoyendera wa mankhwala kumachitika muli wapadera zitsulo lolembedwa yoyenera. Iwo ali opanikizika, ndi kutentha yosungirako si upambana 20 ⁰ C.

Zamkatimu m'chilengedwe

M'mikhalidwe zachilengedwe, pali osati mchitidwe krypton, ndi isotopes ake. Okwana pali mitundu isanu kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe:

• Krypton 78 - 0,35%;
• Krypton 80 - 2,28%;
• Krypton 82 - 11,58%;
• Krypton-83 - 11,49%;
• Krypton 84 - 57%;
• Krypton 86 - 17,3%.

Kodi gasi munali? Kumene kuli, ndi komwe iye anazindikiritsidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba - mu mlengalenga. Chiwerengero cha ochepa - 1:14 yekha x 10 ^-4%. Komanso nthawi zonse deta kubwezeretsa wolemekezeka mafuta nkhokwe mu chikhalidwe ndi chifukwa zochita nyukiliya mkati lithosphere a Dziko Lapansi. Kumeneko mbali yokulirapo ya mitundu khola isotope cha mchitidwe uwu.

ntchito anthu

zamakono limachititsa kupeza krypton mpweya lalikulu zedi. Ndipo pali zifukwa zokwanira zokhulupirira kuti posachedwapa m'malo inert argon mafuta mababu kuwala. Ndipotu, wodzazidwa ndi krypton, adzakhala kwambiri ndalama: ndi mowa yomweyo mphamvu adzakhala yaitali ndi kuwala m'tsogolo. Komanso bwino amatha kupirira zimamuchulukira, poyerekeza ndi ochiritsira omwe wodzazidwa ndi chisakanizo cha asafe ndi argon.

Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa amangokhala zikuluzikulu ndiponso zolemera krypton mamolekyulu kuti ziletsa kutentha kutengerapo pa babu galasi kuti filament, ndi kuchepetsa evaporation maatomu kuchokera pamwamba.

Komanso nyukiliya isotope Kr Kr ⁸⁵ ntchito kudzaza nyali wapadera akhala angathe emitting kuwala beta. mphamvu iyi kuwala n'kukhala kuwala kuwoneka. nyali izi zigwirizana wa babu galasi amene wamkati makoma TACHIMATA ndi phosphorescent zikuchokera. Beta cheza isotope krypton, akupeza wosanjikiza ichi, moti maso kuti mwangwiro noticeable ngakhale pa mtunda wa 500 m.

Ngakhale pa mtunda wa malemba kusindikizidwa Tingaone bwino mpaka mamita 3. Nyali ndi cholimba, chifukwa theka moyo wa isotope krypton 85 ndi 10 zaka. The chipangizo ntchito mosasamala gwero panopa ndi malo akunja.

Komanso krypton fluoride ntchito ngati oxidants chopopera. Kr-F pawiri zikuchokera ntchito yopanga lasers excimer. Ena isotopes wa krypton ntchito mankhwala. Makamaka kwa zida matenda kudziwika perforations ndi kuchucha mu kachitidwe zingalowe, kuneneratu ndi kudziwika dzimbiri, monga kulamulira zida mbali avale.

ntchito ina krypton ndi - ndi machubu X-ray, amene anadzaza. Asayansi masiku ano kufunafuna njira ntchito mpweya ichi monga filler mu zikuchokera zosakaniza kupuma kwa thupi lonse m'madzi. ntchito akhoza anazindikira ndi monga mankhwala ochititsa mankhwala.