Kugonana-zogwirizana cholowa (tanthauzo)

Ambiri majeremusi (kupatulapo osowa), tsogolo limabweretsa izi kapena kuti kugonana kwachilengedwenso anatsimikiza nthawi imene umuna kumachitika, ndipo zimadalira mtundu wanji DNA kugonana kugwera zygote a. Choncho, pali zina zomwe zikhoza kukhala wapadera kwa amuna kapena akazi a mtundu winawake. zizindikiro monga ngati inextricably zogwirizana mmodzi wa amuna ndi akazi, "zogwirizana" pansi. ndi kugonana zogwirizana cholowa ndi chifukwa matenda ena bwanji amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chiyani? Tidzayensa funso limeneli kovuta.

Mnyamata kapena mtsikana?

Musanayambe kuyankha funso, kodi kugonana zogwirizana cholowa, m'pofunika kumvetsa mmene njira yomweyo pali mapangidwe thupi wamkazi kapena wamwamuna. Monga owerenga nkhaniyi a sapiens mitundu Homo, iwo ndithudi mudzakhala chidwi kwambiri kuphunzira za momwe ndondomeko imeneyi ikuchitika anthu. Azimvetsetsa ndi zimene chibadwa cha kugonana: cholowa cha makhalidwe, kugonana zogwirizana, atuluka pa njira yeniyeni ndithu, ndi chofuna kudziwa malamulo zoyambirira za mapangidwe zamoyo wa amuna ndi akazi osiyana.

Choncho, aliyense selo anthu ali 46 DNA. Awa, oimira kwachilengedwenso kugonana 22 awiriawiri osiyana zofanana. DNA zimenezi zimatchedwa "autosomes." peyala imodzi yokha - kugonana DNA - oimira la amphamvu ndi chilungamo kugonana ndi kusiyana. Mu akazi, kugonana DNA zofanana: iwo awiri X (X) - khromozomu. Mu anthu, DNA kugonana ndi dongosolo losiyana, mmodzi amene ndi X-zogwirizana, ndipo chachiwiri - V (Y) - khromozomu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi Y-khromozomu amanyamula ochepa chibadwa. Kugonana-zogwirizana cholowa chitsanzo zimadalira chibadwa kuti zinatumizidwa pa DNA kugonana.

Mofananamo, kugonana cholowa si mitundu yonse. Ena mbalame suli ndi mwamuna wake matupi athu Y DNA: chimachititsanso amenewa akuchikazi X khromozomu. Palinso mitundu imene chitukuko cha thupi wamkazi kumafuna Y khromozomu, yamphongo, m'malo mwake, ndi onyamula awiri X DNA.

Homogametic ndi heterogamety

Ndi zimene akulingalira zygote chimodzi "kupeza" awiri X chromosome, pamene ena Y-khromozomu? Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pa kusasitsa wa gametes, mwachitsanzo meiosis, mazira tifika 22 "wamphamvu" kugonana khromozomu ndi chimodzi X khromozomu. Ndiko thupi wamkazi zofanana gametes. maselo umuna ndinu yemweyo, pali mitundu iwiri: ndendende theka la iwo amanyamula kugonana X khromozomu, pamene ena "kupeza" Y-khromozomu.

Pansi, kupanga zofanana gamete ndi DNA kugonana, amatchedwa "homogametic". Ngati gamete osiyana - iye heterogametic. Anthu heterogamety amuna, akazi homogametic.

Amene umuna adzakhala kukumana ndi dzira zimadalira mwayi. Motero, mwina 50/50 zygote alandira awiri X DNA kapena X ndi Y DNA. Mwachibadwa, m'nkhani yoyamba, mtsikana kukhala lachiwiri - mnyamata. Kumene, pakhoza kukhala kuchotserapo anthu ena, atsikana ali mu matupi a U-khromozomu kapena onyamula ndi akonzedwa chosakwanira cha chibadwa, ndiye maselo awo okha ndi kugonana khromozomu. Komabe, izi - nkhani yosowa kwambiri.

N'chifukwa chiyani chizindikiro zikhoza "zogwirizana" ndi pansi?

Tsopano kuti owerenga amadziwa zimene chibadwa jenda, cholowa concatenated ndi pansi, adzakhala bwino limagwirira. DNA ndi wapadera TV: pakati lililonse thupi limakhala mwini wa "laibulale" mabuku 46, amene exhaustively pofotokoza makhalidwe onse ndi maonekedwe a thupi lake. Kuchuluka kwa zomwe ali yonse yochepetsetsa anthu, mpaka 1.5 gigabytes! Komanso, aliyense khromozomu lili mbali imodzi: diso, tsitsi dexterity chala, voliyumu ya muzitha kukumbukira, amakonda onenepa ... DNA ndi apadera kwambiri: ena ali ndi udindo kagayidwe, pamene ena - Diso mtundu, kapena mlingo wa njira mitsempha .. . Koma majini lalikulu mfundo zolembedwa zedi - michere, zomwe kudziwa mbali kugwira ntchito kwa thupi la munthu.

Part mfundo majini ndiyotengera ndi DNA kugonana. Choncho, zizindikiro zimene 'analembedwa' mu DNA awa, zitha kunditumiza ku oimilira kugonana kwachilengedwenso: izi ndi kugonana zogwirizana jini cholowa. Motero, tingapeze kuti mfundo yofunika. Ngati mbewu ya lili wina DNA kugonana, ndi akatswiri kulankhula za chodabwitsa cha cholowa cha makhalidwe, kugonana zogwirizana. Pankhaniyi, cholowa cha makhalidwe amenewa ali zingapo zochititsa: ali m'njira zambiri adzakhala kuonekera zamoyo zosiyanasiyana amuna ndi akazi.

The maphunziro oyamba

Chibadwa ananena kuti cholowa cha diso mtundu mu Drosophila mbali mwachindunji amadalira jenda anthu amene ali ogwirizira a alleles osiyana. Jini kumene kumatsimikizira chitukuko cha red-diso ndi lalikulu pa "woyera-eyed" mbewu. Ngati mwamuna maso ofiira, pamene akazi - woyera, ndiye mu mbadwo mbewu analandira ofanana chiwerengero cha akazi ndi amuna ndi wofiira ndi maso woyera. Ife ngati mwana wa mwamuna ndi maso woyera ndi wofiira eyed wamkazi, inu mupeza ofanana chiwerengero cha mwamuna ndi mkazi red-eyed. Choncho, fenotayipi mwamuna khalidwe recessive kumaonekera kambirimbiri kuposa akazi. Izi amakakamizidwa mfundo yakuti mtundu jini diso lili pa X khromozomu, kutanthauza kuti cholowa cha diso mtundu mu Drosophila - ndi cholowa cha makhalidwe, pamodzi ndi pansi.

Kulunjika zogwirizana ndi cholowa cha pansi

Kugonana-zogwirizana cholowa ali ndi makhalidwe ena. N'zokhudza chakuti Y-khromozomu amanyamula ochepa majini kuposa X khromozomu. Choncho, kwa majini ambiri, amene zili pa X khromozomu, zomwe zinachitika mu thupi mwamuna, palibe alleles pa Y-khromozomu. Choncho, aliyense jini recessive ndimachititsa pa X khromozomu sangakhale allelic jini pa Y khromozomu, kutanthauza kuti kwenikweni chidzaonekera fenotayipi lapansi.

Iwo ayenera kufotokozera pamwambapa. Allele ndi maonekedwe a mbewu umodzi. Allele angakhale mitundu zofunikira ziwiri: wamphamvu ndi recessive. Mu nkhani iyi, allele kawirikawiri genotype kwenikweni kumaonekera phenotypically ndi recessive - pokhapokha ngati zikufotokozedwa mu boma homozygous. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe chifukwa cholowa cha diso mtundu anthu. mtundu zimadalira kuchuluka kwa melanin mu pigment Iris. Ngati melanin maso aang'ono lidzakhala lowala, ngati kwambiri - mdima. Choncho kwa mdima diso mtundu wamphamvu allele ndi udindo ngati iye ali mu matupi athu, mwanayo adzakhala bulauni-eyed. Zilibe kanthu kaya majini onse lalikulu kapena recessive m'modzi, ndiye, ngati mwana pa malo a homo- kapena heterozygous. Koma maso a buluu - ndi "mnyamata" kusintha, amene amalamulidwa ndi allele recessive. Onse maso a buluu anthu onyamula alleles awiri recessive, ie iwo ali homozygous kwa maziko a diso mtundu. Lalikulu jini, monga momwe tikuonera bwino dzina lake, ukulamulira recessive ngati mwana mmodzi mu matupi a losokonekera kuti nthawi mtundu wa Iris, ndi lalikulu, recessive allele sakhudzidwa okha phenotypically.

Komabe, kugonana DNA Pankhaniyi zosiyana. Amuna Y-khromozomu amasiyana ndi X khromozomu mu kukula ndi mawonekedwe: izo kwenikweni amaoneka ngati si mtanda, monga ena khromozomu, ndi kalata Y. Choncho ena mwa chibadwa, yomwe ili chikaonekera ngakhale padzakhala mmodzi yekha recessive kutengera: izi Mgwirizano kugonana ndi osiyana ndi mitundu ina ya cholowa.

X-zogwirizana matenda recessive

Kugonana Mgwirizano, n'kofunika kwambiri kwa chibadwa zachipatala, chifukwa pa nthawiyo pali mazana atatu majini recessive amene isanafalikire pa X khromozomu ndi kuyambitsa matenda chibadwa. matenda monga amapatsira mwana wake, myopathy, akulu dystrophy, ichthyosis, osalimba X khromozomu syndrome, hydrocephalus, ndi matenda ena ambiri.

Kugonana-zogwirizana cholowa anthu imagwiridwa motere. Ngati jini nthenda ili mu umodzi wa X DNA ndi mkazi, ana ake amatenga theka ndi theka za ana. Pankhaniyi, msungwanayo, amene matupi athu anali zosalongosoka khromozomu, kukhala ndi matenda a: mu fenotayipi la jini ZOOPSA si bwanji ngati mwana analandira yachibadwa X khromozomu bambo ake. Koma mwanayo amadwala matenda, ndiko "kupeza" iye ndi cholowa kuchokera kwa mayi ake, chifukwa cha allele lalikulu la jini mu Y khromozomu alibe. Chinthu Ichi ndi chofunika kuti kuziganizira pa ntchito kugonana zogwirizana cholowa.

Madalitso X-zogwirizana matenda recessive chikhalidwe m'malo zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, matenda ofanana, zambiri mwa achibale a wodwalayo, opezeka mu amalume akuchikazi ndi abale, amene amabadwa alongo mayi.

Dominatnye X-zogwirizana matenda

matenda amenewa angayambe amuna ndi akazi. Munthu angathe tchulani zitsanzo cholowa amenewa, kugonana zogwirizana monga rickets hypophosphatemic ndi mdima dzino enamel.

Akudwala X-zogwirizana lalikulu matenda akazi ndi nthawi kawiri kuposa amuna. Odwala mkazi ndi Mwina 50% ya onse transmits matendawa kwa ana awo, ndi munthu wodwala - aakazi.

Nthawi zina, cholowa kugonana zogwirizana Iwo zingaoneke matenda n'chosoŵa kuti ndi tizilombo fetuses amuna ngati akazi kumachititsa kutaya lachibadwa.

Zingachititse wamphamvu zitsanzo cholowa, kugonana zogwirizana. Tiyeni matenda monga pigment mkodzo kapena melanoblastoz Bloch-Sultsberga. Mkodzo pigment imapezeka mu akazi: losokonekera tizilombo mwana wosabadwa wamwamuna. Thupi atsikana akudwala matenda, pali totupa mu mawonekedwe a thovu. Pambuyo totupa kupita, khungu mtundu zikusonyeza mu mawonekedwe a kutsitsi ndi eddies. 80% odwala, pali kuyan'anila ena: malformations chitukuko ubongo ndi ziwalo, maso ndi dongosolo chigoba.

amapatsira mwana wake

Pali matenda otengera zimapezeka kokha kugonana wina. Monga chitsanzo cha zimene mgwirizano odziwika kugonana, amapatsira mwana wake ali pafupifupi buku. Amapatsira mwana wake ali ndi matenda magazi si aumirira. ntchito ambiri anadzipereka kwa amapatsira mwana wake ndi kugonana zogwirizana cholowa: Inu mukhoza kunena kuti ili pafupi buku chitsanzo. Ngakhale kuti amapatsira mwana wake ali osowa, linakhalapo amadziwika kuti pafupifupi aliyense. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa: izo makamaka anatsimikiza kalekale Russian. Anadwala wolowa nyumba ya mfumu Nicholas II Tsesarevich Aleksey.

Ngakhale odulidwa ang'onoang'ono nthawi yomweyo zingachititse aakulu kutaika kwa magazi. Koma vuto sikuti magazi kugwirizana ndi mkhutu khungu okhulupirika. A anaopsezedwa kwambiri miyoyo ya odwala ndi intraenteric, intracranial kukha mwazi ndi pakhosi, komanso kutuluka kwa magazi mu malo. Pankhaniyi, haemophilia osachiritsika: odwala ndi moyo kulandira mankhwala M'MALO, zimene sizinalembedwa yodziwika ndi dzuwa mkulu.

Kodi akazi amadwala haemophilia?

Anthu ambiri molakwa kuti akazi musati akudwala amapatsira mwana wake. Komabe, siziri choncho: kugonana chilungamo, nayenso, akuvutika ndi matenda oopsa. Komabe, zimachitika kawirikawiri. Pafupipafupi, akazi ali ndi jini kuti predetermines matenda.

Mkazi womunyamulira mmodzi wa DNA ndi kugonana jini recessive predetermining incoagulability magazi. Ngati pali genotype wa allele lalikulu la jini ichi, matenda si kuonekera. Komabe, ngati mkazi ali mnyamata, amene alowa losokonekera recessive, iye adzaonetsera amapatsira mwana wake. Koma kuti amapatsira mwana wake zinachitika atsikana ayenera onyamula wamkazi wa jini anali atakwatiwa kwa munthu amapatsira mwana wake (koma panthaŵi, Mwina kubadwa kwa mtsikana kukhala wolingana 25%). Zikatero nkomwe anati: Choyamba, amapatsira mwana wake jini yosowa kwambiri, ndipo kachiwiri, anthu akuvutika ndi matenda oopsa kawirikawiri adzapulumuke zaka ubereki.

Meaning makhalidwe kuphunzira kugonana Mgwirizano

Investigation mmene ati cholowa cha makhalidwe kugonana zogwirizana ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti kugonana zogwirizana tinatengera matenda ambiri, kuphatikizapo oopsa kwa anthu. Mwina m'tsogolo adzatha kulenga njira nzeru amachitira matenda, potengera zotsatira mwachindunji pa matupi a anthu, omwe ndi chonyamulira cha allele pathological. Komanso kafukufuku ngati n'chofunikira yaikulu pa chitukuko cha njira kwa matenda mofulumira matenda kugonana zogwirizana. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa matenda amene amagwirizana ndi matenda kagayidwe kachakudya: The kale inu kuyamba chithandizo, m'pamene adzatha kukwaniritsa.

Chibadwa ukutchulidwa kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu. Ndipotu, sayansi kuti afotokoze mmene ntchito imene imachititsa anthu, kuphatikizapo iwo amene ali zizindikiro pathological. Pali gulu zizindikiro chifukwa cha cholowa chimene kugonana DNA. Kodi cholowa kugonana zogwirizana? tanthawuzo limanena kuti kulanda zizindikiro, zimene majini udindo, yomwe ili DNA kugonana.