Chiwonongeko - ndi chiyani ichi? Mitundu ya kudzitsitsa ndi zizindikiro zawo

Mawu "chiwonongeko" ali mizu Latin. Kwenikweni, akuti izi zikutanthauza kuti "chiwonongeko." Kwenikweni, m'lingaliro yotakata, chiwonongeko - kuphwanya umphumphu wa dongosolo labwinobwino kapena kupha. tanthauzo limeneli lingakhale pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, tinganene kuti chiwonongeko - ndi cholinga kapena chigawo (s) khalidwe ndi psyche anthu, nkhani yowononga ndi ofanana kapena zinthu. Kodi ndi mmene lingaliro ili akugwiritsa ntchito? Za izi - Patapita nkhaniyi.

zambiri

Ganizo yoyamba ya kukhalapo kwa mphamvu munthu ndi zinthu zimene kuwononga kuganizira zinthu kunja kapena yekha, kupangidwa mu nthano zakale, nzeru, chipembedzo. mfundo izi kenako analandira chitukuko zosiyanasiyana. M'zaka za m'ma 20 wakhala ena kumvetsa kusinthidwa. Akatswiri ambiri amanena uyenderere izi zochitika zosiyanasiyana anthu, mavuto psychoanalytic, masoka osiyanasiyana. Nkhanizi ndi mwachilungamo mosamala nawo anzeru osiyana a nthawi. Pakati pawo, Jung, Freud, Fromm, Gross, Ulamuliro wa Nazi ndi theorists zina ndi madokotala.

Ntchito zochita za anthu

ndi chiwonongeko cha umunthu m'munda ntchito chiyani? Mu ndondomeko ya ntchito kapena chinali kusintha kwa amazionela. Ntchito, pa dzanja limodzi, kumathandiza kuti chitukuko ndi mapangidwe umunthu. Pa wina, mayendedwe zowononga zotsatira pa munthu m'lingaliro thupi ndiponso maganizo. Choncho, Tingaone kuti chizindikiro kusintha kumachitika mbali zosiyana kwa wina ndi mzake. M'dera la ntchito chitukuko cha zida zothandiza kwambiri ndi amene amathandiza kulimbikitsa woyamba amazindikira azimuth mu kuchepetsa osachepera chachiwiri. Professional kudzitsitsa pang'onopang'ono anasonkhanitsa kusintha zoipa mu umunthu wake ndi njira ya moyo. chodabwitsa Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha wonyong'onya yofanana ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapanga osafunika khalidwe ntchito. Amathandiza kuti chitukuko ndi kulimbitsa mavuto maganizo ndi mavuto. Ndicho chimene ntchito m'munda wa chiwonongeko.

mankhwala

Nthawi zina, njira zowononga zimathandiza Kupha zochitika zina chokhwima. Makamaka amenewa zimawonedwa mankhwala. chiwonongeko kungakhale kothandiza? chodabwitsa chifukwa cha mwadala ntchito Mwachitsanzo, mu matenda achikazi. Mankhwalawa pathologies zosiyanasiyana, madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi chiwonongeko wailesi-pafupipafupi. Izo ntchito ku matenda monga cysts mpanda ukazi, njerewere, kukokoloka, dysplasia. Radiowave chiwonongeko khomo lachiberekero ndi sabweretsa chisoni ndipo mwamsanga njira zimakhudzira pa zinkakhala m'dera. njira ya chithandizo cha pathologies akhoza wodwala ngakhale akazi nulliparous.

Oncology

Matenda ambiri ali limodzi ndi chiwonongeko minofu. matenda amenewa monga khansa ndiponso. Chitsanzo chimodzi makamaka ndi chotupa (sarcoma) Ewing. Izi khungu lozungulira fupa chotupa. chotupa ichi amakhudzidwa cheza. Poyerekeza ndi malignancies ena kudwala izi zimachitika mu wachinyamata, pakati pa zaka 10 ndi 20. Limodzi ndi kutupa mafupa akhudzidwa nthambi, koma angathenso kupanga m'madera ena. Neoplasm kumaphatikizapo kuli anakonza maselo anamaliza. Zizindikiro kwambiri khalidwe monga kutupa ndi mwachikondi. Sarcoma osiyana azimuth kwa yogawa chidwi ndi zina chimakwirira lonse chapakati dipatimenti ya mafupa yaitali. Pa radiograph ndi dera lomwe linakhudzidwa sizimawoneka monga ambiri monga chowonadi. Mothandizidwa ndi Kujambula ndi CT ofunitsitsa ndi malire a kudwala. Matendawa limodzi ndi chiwonongeko lytic fupa. Kusinthaku akuti ndi khalidwe kwambiri za matenda. Komabe, pali nthawi zina ndi "bulbous" angapo zigawo za mafupa, anapanga pansi periosteum lapansi. Iwo amatchuka kuti kusintha poyamba ankachitira chakale zizindikiro matenda. Matendawa ziyenera kuchokera biopsy. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chimodzimodzi zingaoneke X-ray ndi motsutsana zotupa zina fupa chotupa chija. Chithandizo zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma osiyana wa poizoni mankhwala amphamvu ndi luso opaleshoni. Ntchito zovuta kwa njira achire kumatha kudwala oposa 60% odwala ndi yaikulu m'dera mawonekedwe sarcoma Ewing a.

chiwonongeko mankhwala

zodabwitsazi zingaoneke mchikakamizo cha wothandizila zosiyanasiyana. Makamaka zinthu monga madzi, mpweya, alcohols, zidulo, ndi ena. Impact thupi ndipo akhoza kuchita ngati wothandizira zowononga. Mwachitsanzo, pakati wotchuka kwambiri tikhoza kutchulidwa ionizing dzuwa, kuwala, kutentha, mawotchi mphamvu. Chemical chiwonongeko - zimachitika kuti inachitika kusankha anapereka zimakhudza thupi. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kuyandikana wachibale wa makhalidwe mphamvu ya maubwenzi onse.

Kudzitsitsa wa ma polima

Zimenezi ankaona kuti kwambiri kuphunzira kwa tsiku. Mu nkhani iyi, selectivity anaona zinthu zodabwitsa. ndondomeko limodzi ndi chophukacho kumangidwa kaboni heteroatom. chifukwa chiwonongeko mu nkhani iyi ndi monomer. kukana kwambiri kuti wothandizila mankhwala anati mu kaboni mpweya lumikiza. Chionongeko choncho - njira zotheka m'mikhalidwe kuyeza kapena pamaso pa magulu mbali kuti kuchepetsa chomangira mphamvu yaikulu unyolo pawiri.

Gawo

Malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya mankhwala kudzitsitsa anasiyanitsidwa depolymerization ndi chiwonongeko mwachisawawa. Zikatero, amanena kuti ndondomeko amene ali osiyanitsidwa wa polycondensation anachita. Pa izo splinters anapanga amene miyeso oposa unit monomeric. The ndondomeko depolymerization akuganiza kuti zidzachitika sequentially detaching ku monomers unyolo m'mphepete. M'mawu ena, zimene zikuchitika, kugwirizana osiyana olumikizirana polymerization lapansi. Izi mitundu ya kudzitsitsa angayambe mwina imodzi kapena payekhapayekha. Kupatula izi awiri, mwina chinthu chachitatu. Pankhaniyi, amanena za chiwonongeko cha kugwirizana ofooka kuti alipo pakati pa macromolecule lapansi. Mu ndondomeko ya kuwonongedwa ndi lumikiza mwachisawawa amapezeka dontho mokwanira mofulumira kulemera polima maselo. Pamene depolarization mmene izi msanga kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, polymethyl methacrylate ndi kulemera maselo a 44.000, mlingo wa polymerization wa chinthu yotsalira pafupifupi zikutsatiridwa mpaka nthawi pamene depolymerization wadutsa 80%.

matenthedwe kudzitsitsa

Mfundo ya mankhwala ndi akuwaza pansi kutentha sayenera amasiyana hydrocarbon akulimbana, limagwirira unyolo amene anapereka motsimikizira kotheratu. Malinga ndi dongosolo mankhwala ma polima ndi anatsimikiza ndi kukana kwawo kwa kutenthetsa, mlingo wa kuvunda ndi makhalidwe a mankhwala anapanga mu ndondomekoyi. Chinthu choyamba Komabe, nthawi zonse adzakhala mapangidwe ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu. Kuwonjezeka anachita zimathera ndi decoupling dera ndipo kuchepa thupi maselo. Kum'dula pakamwa angayambe ndi disproportionation kapena recombination a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu. Pankhaniyi, kusintha kwa kapangidwe fractional kumachitika, mapangidwe nyumba okhudza malo ndi nthambi ndi angaoneke maunyolo awiri malekezero a macromolecules lapansi.

Zinthu zokhudza mlingo wa ndondomeko

Pa kudzitsitsa ikukhudzana monga ndi aliyense mathamangitsidwe unyolo anachita amapezeka likuvutika zigawo amatha mosavuta apasuke mu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu. Deceleration ndi ananenanso mu kukhalapo kwa mankhwala amene acceptors. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, kuonjezera ndalama kutembenuka anali mchikakamizo cha rubbers amalembedwa asafe ndi diazo chigawo. Pa Kutentha ndi ma polima pa kutentha kwa madigiri 80 100 ndi kukhalapo kwa initiators izi amalembedwa yekha kudzitsitsa. Ndi kukula ndende ya pawiri mu njira anali osakhala intermolecular zochita zikubweretsa gelation ndi mapangidwe kapangidwe okhudza malo. Mu ndondomeko ya matenthedwe akulimbana za ma polima pamodzi ndi kuchepetsa kulemera pafupifupi maselo ndi kusintha structural zimawonedwa depolymerization (pogawanikana pamawere monomer). Pa kutentha madigiri zoposa 60 pamene chipika kuwonongeka kwa methyl methacrylate pamaso pa benzoyl peroxide unyolo makamaka kumathera ndi disproportionation. Chifukwa, theka la tinthu kuyenera osachiritsika awiri muzikondana. Mu nkhani iyi, zimaonekera kuti kusiyana macromolecular amafuna zochepa kuposa molekyulu zimalimbikitsa, kutsegula mphamvu.