Gulu la zinthu - njira Rubinstein

Mwachilungamo wophweka, koma kwambiri dongosolo kuti aone anthu maganizo chikhalidwe, ntchito zonse mu Russia ndi kunja, anapereka compatriot athu - wasayansi SERGEY Leonidovich Rubinstein. The njira ya "gulu la zinthu" analenga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, akuzisunga udindo wake monga mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri kuwerenga maganizo ano.

mlengi umunthu

SERGEY Leonidovich Rubinstein - mmodzi wa asayansi kwambiri Russian zaka mazana makumi awiri m'munda wa nzeru za anthu ndi kuwerenga maganizo. Kuchokera pa dongosolo la mfundo za umunthu maganizo, Rubinstein anatha kulenga ndi akatswiri maganizo pakati munthu. Lembali likusonyeza kuti zochita-khalidwe, amazindikira, wauzimu ndi maganizo moyo wa munthu.

Rubinstein kafukufuku ndipo analemba pa maziko a ntchito zawo analenga maziko a chitukuko cha maganizo, onse mu Russia ndi dziko. Mwachitsanzo, njira "gulu la zinthu" ntchito kuti aone anthu ndi boma maganizo pa mphindi.

Mwatsoka, SERGEY Leonidovich anakakamizika pakamwa ntchito ya sayansi - inayamba nkhondo yolimbana ndi "cosmopolitans" n'chifukwa kuchotsedwa wake.

Chimodzi mwa zotsatira za ntchito mosamala wa S. L.Rubinshteyna ndi dongosolo kudziwa kuvutika maganizo, lotchedwa "gulu la zinthu" - njira kuti amalola, ndi mayesero yosavuta kudziwa boma maganizo a munthu. Kachitidwe anali bungwe K. Goldstein, monga anayamba L. S. Vygotskim, B. V. Zeygarnik ndi S. L.Rubinshteynom.

chitukuko cha psychopathology

Sankhani psychopathology mu mbali yapadera ya sayansi unkayenera zochitika za m'ma makumi awiri. nkhondo wamagazi ndi akutulukira ku matenda asilikali, akuwonetseredwa mu kuphwanya ntchito za maganizo zinachititsa kuti kufunika kupeza njira zatsopano kuthana ndi matenda a maganizo.

zamaganizo otchuka asayansi, kuphatikizapo S. L. Rubinshteyn, anathandiza kukonza odwala m'zipatala asilikali. maphunziro experimental awo apanga amathandiza kwambiri kwa sayansi dziko maganizo, komanso mu ndondomeko ya kukwaniritsa chigonjetso.

Inali nthawi Wachiwiri World nkhondo akhala anasonkhanitsa deta kwambiri wazotsatira zakuya za sayansi pathopsychological, kupangidwa ngati Institute osiyana chidziwitso chokha ku 80s, ndipo anayamba "gulu la zinthu" - njira kuti amalola, ndi iwakhudzire kudziwa matenda amaganizo mu nkhaniyi.

Mfundo za kuwerenga maganizo nthenda

Nthenda zamaganizo ndi kusiyanitsidwa malangizo a zamaganizo matenda.

• Phunziro la kafukufuku - mavuto maganizo ndi matenda.
• Ntchito - kudziwa zimene zimayambitsa matenda, mlingo wa kupitirira ndi kupeza njira kuchiza matenda.
• Njira - kusanthula maganizo ndi mayesero kudziwa boma maganizo a munthu, kudziwa luso zosiyanasiyana, kudziwa zinthu, ndikuganiza.

Mmodzi wa ambiri mwa iwo ndi "gulu la zinthu" - njira anapeka S. L. Rubinshteynom kudziwa matenda amaganizo anthu, makamaka mavuto ndi logic ndi kulingalira.

Analysis njira - kuyesera. Mosiyana ndi zida zachikhalidwe wa zamaganizo - mayeso, kuyesera alibe malire nthawi. M'malo mwake, zizindikiro monga nthawi ya utumiki walola, malingana ndi mlingo wa Kuvuta kwa ntchitoyo, kuti mfundo zolondola zokhudza boma maganizo a phunziroli.

Ubwino Njira "gulu la zinthu"

"The gulu la zinthu" - njira lakonzedwa kudziwa ndende ya mayeso, komanso kuti aone ntchito wonse. Mosiyana ndi njira zina - .. "osawerengela zinthu" kumene amatsimikiza walangizidwa pa kusanthula zomveka woganiza, kuthekera kuphunzira pa kaphatikizidwe maganizo kwa iwo, mwachitsanzo, ndi kupatsidwa ulemu, njira gulu kumafuna kusanthula deductive. Ndondomeko ya "gulu" la zinthu ndi nthawi zambiri yambiri kuposa awo "osati". Pa nkhani imeneyi, nkhani kupezeka chofunika mkulu.

thandizo methodical

Lero, mu tsiku lililonse la malo zaumoyo, komanso kindergartens ndi sukulu phunziro la dziko maganizo a anthu anagwiritsa ntchito njira "gulu la zinthu." Nzothandiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kusanthula - ndi malo a makadi ndi zithunzi lolingana maganizo ndi boma maganizo a wodwala. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, sitimayo ayenera zigwirizana makadi 68-70. Chifukwa chakuti njira ndi bwino nthawi zonse, zikuoneka kuti chiwerengero chawo pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera kapena kuchepa.

The chikhalidwe chachikulu chuma methodical - kugwiritsa ntchito makadi chitsanzo anakhazikitsa. Image, kufa ziwalo zofunika pa cithunzithunzi, mtundu ndi mawonekedwe, ndi pepala ayenera kukhala mogwirizana ndi anayamba zasayansi Institute experimental psychopathology of Psychiatry, RSFSR Ministry of Health Chinsinsi. Popeza zizindikiro izi ndi zofunika zimenezo, zotsatira za kafukufuku ikuchitika ntchito makadi satsatira mfundo ndi yosagwira ntchito.

Chitsanzo chithunzi makadi

Tikumbukenso kuti njira "gulu la zithunzi za zinthu" chinaperekedwa ku wamakono - anali akufuna m'malo fano pa khadi ndi mawu kake. Zochitika zasonyeza kuti njira "gulu la Mawu" zimaonetsa generalizations zosavuta, koma mavuto ndende ndi kukumbukira.

A mndandanda wa mawu (zitsanzo):

• apulo mtengo;

• TV;
• nyali neri Al.

Dongosolo la

njira "gulu la zinthu" ndi imodzi mwa njira zovuta kudziwa kuvutika m'maganizo. Malangizo phunziroli:

• Gawo 1: "Osamva malangizo" - nzika anafunsidwa kufalitsa makadi anapereka kwa zimenezo, magulu. Pa mayeso amenewa sapereka malangizo omveka bwino pa momwe, kodi i ayenera Integrated mu kuphunzitsa makadi awa lingaliro. Ngati nkhaniyo anafunsa funso pa za momwe m'magulu, kuyesera woyang'anira ayenera analimbikitsa akutanthauza maganizo awo.
• Gawo 2 Peridicheskaya ziyenera - mutu wa kuyesera ndi kufunsa phunziro la muyezo wa grouping. mawu onse kuyenera kulembedwa mu mawonekedwe cheke. Ngati mapangidwe magulu zinachitikadi pamaziko a mtsogoleri zolondola i tiyenera kumutamanda kapena kutsutsa ntchito ya nkhaniyo. Mayeso anachita kuyenela anakonza mawonekedwe kulamulira.
• Gawo 3: Mutu akumufunsira kuphatikiza ndi gulu la makadi mu akuluakulu. i zowombetsa mkota komanso chopereka mayeso.

Komanso, ndi zochita za zotsatira za ntchito.

NKHANI psychopathology ana

njira "gulu la zinthu" amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa maphunziro a boma maganizo a ana. "Kids" Baibulo za kafukufukuyu sasiyana ku "wamkulu". Yekha ndi nambala ya makadi. Ntchito ndi ana, malingana ndi msinkhu wawo, ayenera kuchotsedwa kwa sitimayo makadi onse ndi images, sakudziwika kwa mwanayo. Mu nkhani ya bwinobwino mayeso, monga kuyesera, ndi kudziwa mlingo wa chitukuko lingapereke kuwonjezera kwa aliyense wa magulu a "wamkulu" khadi, onetsetsani kuti pikhadacita kusankha munthu kapena gulu lina akaphatikiza.

Komabe, chifukwa mkulu maganizo, maganizo ndi nthawi yambiri, anati njira sikawirikawiri ntchito kusanthula boma maganizo a ana. Kuchotserapo ndi kafukufuku wa njira schizophrenic. Zikatero, kukwaniritsa ntchito odalirika zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito njira izi osakaniza - Gawo ndipo osati wotsatira wa nkhani.

Analysis wa deta experimental

maganizo mavuto chitukuko ndi digiri yapamwamba ya Mwina madokotala likuwonetsa njira «gulu la zinthu." Kumasulira zotsatira limasonyeza kukhalapo kwa matenda, ndipo kumatengera zifukwa zotsatirazi:

1. Konzani kusankha kwa gulu Mbali.

2. malamulo osasinthasintha gulu mapangidwe.

Iwo ayenera kusamalira kwambiri kwa chowaloleza kusankha zithunzi kutchulidwa kwa kapena gulu limenelo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani zina zimachitika zida supuni chifukwa lingawathandize akazi darn masitonkeni ndi zotsukira - kuti ndodo zachipatala, kunena sterility.

Muyeneranso kulabadira kuuma ndi mutu umene chimatsimikizira mfundo yake.

Mosagwirizana ndi zotsatira za njira maganizo

Data analandira chifukwa cha njira "Gawo zinthu" watengedwa yosanthula deta kudzera njira prism "kupatulapo zinthu", ngati awiri otchulidwa anthu maganizo chikhalidwe kusanthula dongosolo umalimbana kuphunzira maganizo zomveka. Analandira chifukwa kukwaniritsa mfundo zimaonetsera chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha patopsihologicheskih payekha.

Komanso ntchito njira mwachindunji n'zotheka ndi mayeso ena ndi machitidwe experimental. Koma musaiwale kuti munthu ali ndi matenda a maganizo, aliyense wa kufufuza amafuna wambirimbiri ndalama ntchito, mogwirizana ndi zomwe Mwachangu aliyense kuyesera wotsatira adzakhala kutha.

Inde, kuyesera ndi kusanthula zotsatira zake amafuna kudziwa ndi luso yoyenera. Komabe, ngati musankha kuchita Khadili yaikulu ya chitukuko maganizo a mwanayo, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito njira "gulu la zinthu." Kumene, sangathe kupeza deta yolondola, koma kudzaza kusewera nthawi ntchito ndimasewera adzakhala zothandiza kwambiri.