Chomera systematics

Systematics mu zamoyo akhala akuphunzira zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Ndi ntchito yake yaikulu monga gulu ndi chizindikiritso.

Bzalani Systematics okhudzidwa ndi chitukuko cha zomera. Wasayansi woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la anali Theophrastus. Anagawa zomera pa udzu, zitsamba, tchire ndi mitengo. Anasintha maphunziro kunachitika pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ngakhale Albert Veliky anaona kusiyana dicots ndi monocots. Gulu loyamba inafalitsidwa mu 1583, chaka. Systematics zomera analengedwa ndi Chitaliyana Chezalpino, chifukwa cha ntchito ya Theophrastus wodzilemekeza ndiponso malinga ndi mbali ya kapangidwe ka zipatso ndi mbewu ( "Ziwalo zoberekera"). Komabe, Chezalpino allocated ndi algae, Mumapezekanso, ndere, bowa. Izi wachinsinsi monga "zomera seedless."

Kenako anayamba kuoneka ndi magulu taxonomic. Mu 1689, French katswiri Magnol anayambitsa gulu la "banja", ndipo kenako mu 1693, J. Ray anayamba kufotokoza mfundo "mitundu" ndipo mu 1700 Tournefort - mawu akuti "mtundu". Bzalani Systematics wa Tournefort inatheka chifukwa cha kuphweka ake. Izo zinali zochokera dongosolo la duwa. Ray amasonyeza gulu zambiri zachilengedwe. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo zinkandivuta - anasonyeza kulekana kwa monocots ndi dicots.

Kuzindikira wamkulu Komabe, analandira gulu yokumba Karla Linneya. dongosolo lake akufuna linasindikizidwa m'chaka cha 1735 mu Baibulo loyambirira la "mitundu ya zomera» ( «Genera Plantarum»). Gulu la Linnaeus anagona chiwerengero ndi kapangidwe ka stamens, ndi kufalitsa maluwa geyi. Chifukwa, izo anapanga gulu la makumi awiri mphambu anai. Makumi awiri ndi zitatu monga zomera mbewu, ndi 24 TH kalasi m'gulu Mumapezekanso, ndere, algae ndi bowa. Ngakhale kuti Linnaeus sanazindikire "banja" Lingaliro, taxonomy ake a zomera anali pa nthawi yabwino kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito. Pamodzi ndi dongosolo la kulekana wasayansi akufuna ntchito bayinare nomenclature. Komanso, tanthawuzo la "taxonomy" anadziwana ndi Linnaeus izo.

Mu 1764, dongosolo latsopano wakhala otukuka. Mlembi wake anali Adanson. Maziko a dongosolo wasayansi yake chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ofunika anali gulu akufuna mu 1789 Jussieu. Katswiri anagawa zomera zonse mu makalasi fifitini, mwa amene anasankha zana a "chilengedwe", umene ikulongosola za dzina.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, yafalikira de A dongosolo Candolle. Iwo anayamba kupanga mu 1819. Asayansi apeza m'madipatimenti awiri: ma ndi mtima zomera. Kenako, botanists ambiri ayesetsa kusintha dongosolo de A Candolle. Choncho, Brown Britain wasayansi, kuzindikiridwa kusiyana angiosperms ndi gymnosperms.

Modern taxonomy zomera. Zitsanzo za classifications.

Kukula kwa kachitidwe kamakono wa gulu la zomera inayamba buku mu 1859, ntchito chaka Darwin "Pa Origin of Species."

Braun, ndi German kafukufuku, zochokera kukula chisinthiko. Gawo inali yochokera pa kapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha duwa. dongosolo ambiri Engler. Iye akufuna ndi gulu lakonzedwa zigawo ndi kubereka mwana, zosiyanasiyana zokhudza chiyambi cha angiosperms. dongosolo Engler anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dziko sayansi mpaka oyambirira 21 atumwi TH.

Wettstein (Austria katswiri) bwino gulu ili. Akatswiri awiri (Engler ndi Wettstein) systematized ndi algae. Gawo ili anasintha Pasher.

Mbiri yakale, mbewu lagawidwa m'munsi ndi apamwamba. Development wa classifications anali anagwiritsanso mbali ziwiri. Dongosolo zoyambirira za zomera apamwamba amene timapemphera malinga ndi mayina a ofufuza: Cronquist dongosolo Bessy, cupronickel, etc ..