Zomera apamwamba: spore ndi mbewu

zomera apamwamba - izi ndi mitundu imene munapanga landfall ndipo ndinazolowera malo awo atsopano. Pali mitundu yoposa 300,000. zomera apamwamba amadziŵika ndi ziwalo vegetative, monga mizu ndi kuwombera, ndi chimodzimodzi photosynthesis inki: chlorophylls ndi carotenoids.

zomera apamwamba kwa gawo lalikulu ndi zovuta dongosolo zoyendera zinthu akhoza zonse evaporation wa madzi kudzera masamba. chomera maselo apamwamba kupanga minofu. Sporophyte uli kayendedwe ka moyo (kupatula bryophytes).

Postpenno gametophyte yafupika maselo angapo. Mabungwe a kugonana ndi kubereka asexual wa zamoyo multicellular. Umuna ndi mitundu Vuto amathera amadalira madzi. Zygote zinagwira ndi mwana wosabadwayo multicellular.

Apamwamba lapadziko zomera kupanga chochuluka zotsalira zazomera Dziko Lapansi - 90%.

Systematics zomera apamwamba

Zomera apamwamba zapamwamba komanso apamwamba zomera spore mbewu.

Apamwamba spore: rinieobraznye (yekha, malasha) psilotoobraznye (anasunga 20 mitundu), bryophytes (23-27 zikwi mitundu), plaunoobraznye (za 1300 mitundu), hvoscheobraznye (za 30 mitundu), Mumapezekanso (za 12,000 mitundu).

zomera apamwamba amene mtundu spores zomera ophatikizana dzina wamba - spore apamwamba. Zikuphatikizapo onse panopa alipo ndipo zinatha mitundu. apamwamba spore thupi lagawidwa pamwambapa nthaka mbali mobisa, ziwalo vegetative amakonzedwa. Kayendedwe ka moyo tichipeza kusinthana kwa mibadwo: ndi sporophyte ndi gametophyte. Sporophyte bwino akupangidwa anakhala kwa nthawi yaitali (kupatula bryophytes). Akufotokozera multicellular sporangia, pambuyo meiosis limene anapanga osasunthika haploid spores. Amene sali tating'ono, kukula yaing'ono, kufalitsa makamaka ndi mphepo ndi kumera mu gametophyte lapansi.

Umuna apamwamba spore kumachitika kokha pamaso pa madzi. Malinga ndi makonzedwe a ziwalo la kubalana kusiyanitsa zomera bisexual (amene maselo wamkazi amuna ndi) ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo (kapena maselo wamwamuna kapena wamkazi).

Kusamvana angakhale osiyana ndi yofanana. spore zomera apamwamba amene ali kutsutsana chomwecho, wotchedwa ravnosporovyh ndi anthu mfundo osiyana - heterosporous. Malinga ndi kukula kusiyanitsa microspores (yaing'ono kukula) ndi megaspory (lalikulu).

Akukhulupirira kuti zomera mbewu zinamera mwachindunji ku n'ngopatsirana, makamaka Mumapezekanso.

mbewu zomera apamwamba: pinofity (gymnosperms) - pafupi 800 mitundu magnoliofity (angiosperms) - mitundu 300 zikwi.

Apamwamba zomera mbewu anafika pachimake mu nyengo Mesozoic, pamene nyengo anayamba louma ndi ozizira, panali kusintha kwa nyengo. Panopa, mitundu yofala angiosperms.

zomera mbewu ndi zinthu zambiri pa spore apamwamba. Iwo amakhala ndi ziwalo zofanana: mizu, kuthawa mbewu. Thunthu ndi kwambiri wamphamvu kuposa spore, monga kukula maselo nkhuni. Ngati izi ndi mbali yaikulu ya maselo matabwa - akufa.

zomera mbewu ali yekha heterosporous. Gametophyte kuti sporophyte akufotokozera ndi kudyetsa pa ndalama zake.

Wofalitsa kumachitika mwa mbewu zomwe anapanga mazira multicellular, monga mwa kundipatsako kwa zakudya. Umuna mbewu apamwamba patsogolo kubereketsa zomera - kulanda mbewu mungu mu zoyambira seminal dzira. Kubereketsa zomera imagwiridwa ndi mphepo, madzi, nyama, ndi tizilombo. Umuna ikutha kudalira yekha pa madzi mu spore apamwamba. Ndi chifukwa vegetative maselo mungu amene germinates mu mungu chubu.