ACS ndi chiyani? Self-injini zida zankhondo unsembe: gulu, akuti

Self-injini zida zankhondo mayunitsi (SAU) wotchedwa magalimoto nkhondowo, amene ali kanthu koposa ndi kudzikonda injini galimotoyo-wokwera zida zankhondo mfuti. Tsiku ndi tsiku kuti limatchedwa mfuti kudziletsa injini kapena artsamohodami. M'nkhaniyi, ife timayang'ana pa zomwe ndi ACS, kumene ntchito ngati wachinsinsi ndipo amasiyana zina zida.

chidule

Choncho, ACS ndi chiyani? M'lingaliro yotakata ngati ACS Tingaone magalimoto onse nkhondowo, amene zida ndi mfuti. Komabe, m'lingaliro yopapatiza kwa ACS amaphatikizapo kokha makina amene Zida ndi mfuti kapena howitzers osati akasinja kapena magalimoto oti muli nazo zida.

SAU mitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso kuchuluka kwawo. Iwo akhoza matayala kapena inamva galimotoyo, kuteteza kapena kuteteza zida, ndi kuliika kapena nsanja phiri mfuti chachikulu. Ambiri mwa zida zankhondo kudziletsa injini ya dziko, zida ndi makhazikitsidwe nsanja, amafanana akasinja. Komabe, iwo kusiyana kwambiri pa akasinja ntchito mwatsatanetsatane ndiponso moganizira "zida manja."

Self-injini zida zankhondo Unit (ACS) anayamba mbiri yake mozungulira nthawi imene Cannon woyamba ndi magalimoto oti muli nazo zida - m'zaka za m'ma 20. Komanso, kuchokera amazionera a sayansi yamakono asilikali, woyamba akasinja French posakhalitsa analogue kenako SAU kuposa akasinja. Mu theka pakati ndi wachiwiri wa mzaka zana makumi awiri m'mayiko ŵa anadza nthawi chitukuko mofulumira mitundu yonse ya kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo.

Kumayambiriro zaka za chifukwa kulumpha lalikulu sayansi ankhondo, chotero kulamulira, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, anayamba amati chapamwamba mwa magalimoto ena oti muli nazo zida. Poyamba, izo ndithudi a akasinja lapansi. Ntchito ya ACS mu zikhalidwe za nkhondo zamakono asilikali ikukula chaka chilichonse.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Pa m'munda, First World nkhondo nkhondo ntchito kudziletsa injini mayunitsi, anamanga pamaziko a magalimoto, mathirakitala kapena crawler. Kenako, ndi chitukuko cha akasinja, akatswiri anazindikira kuti thanki m'munsi bwino yoti unsembe wa machitidwe amphamvu zida zankhondo. mfuti Unarmored pa galimotoyo anali sanaiwale, chifukwa iwo ali otchuka chifukwa sayenda awo okwezeka.

Mu Russia, woyamba oti muli nazo zida ACS anapereka mwana wa D. I. Mendeleeva - VD Mendeleev. Pa First World nkhondo ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni mwakhama ntchito 72-millimeter mfuti Lander, anamanga pa maziko a galimoto "Russo-Balt". Cabs ena mwa iwo pang'ono oti muli nazo zida. Mu 20s Mu zaka zapitazo chitukuko cha ACS chinkhoswe mu USSR, Germany ndi United States, koma ambiri a ntchito ndi nkhambakamwa chabe unsembe surrogate.

Pamene Soviet Union ndi Germany anayamba mwachangu kukhala asilikali ake oti muli nazo zida, mwayi massively anaika pa galimotoyo thanki zida zankhondo. Motero, ku Soviet Union pamaziko a T-35 akasinja ndi T-28 zinachitika kudziletsa injini mfuti SU 14 analengedwa. Mu Germany, chifukwa kutembenuka pansi pa SAU ntchito akasinja chakale Pz Kpfw I.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse chofunika ntchito ophunzira onse. Germany anasonkhanidwa opangidwa ACS zochokera akale ndi kulanda akasinja. Kuchokera pa makina ake, iwo anachita unsembe wosavuta ndiponso ndilotsika mtengo. Nkhani m'gulu zitsanzo ngati German: StuG III, ndi StuG IV, Hummel ndi Wespe mfuti kudziletsa injini "Ferdinand" (otchedwa omenyana Hetzer ndi Elefant thanki) ndi ena. Popeza kuti mapeto a 1944 ulimi wa ACS ku Germany kuposa buku yopanga akasinja.

The Red Army anayamba kumenyana popanda siriyo kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo. Kupanga umodzi howitzer kudziletsa injini SU-5 anaimitsidwa mu 1937. Koma mu July 1941, panali kudziletsa injini mfuti ZIS 30 surrogate mtundu. Ndipo chaka chamawa khamu mzere anapita kumenya mfuti chitsanzo SU 122. Kenako counterweight German katundu magalimoto oti muli nazo zida anaonekera wotchuka SU 100 ndi ISU 152.

British ndi American akatswiri anadzipereka magulu awo makamaka kupanga howitzers kudziletsa injini. Choncho panali chitsanzo: Sexton, Bishop, M12 ndi M7 Ansembe.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa nkhondo akasinja chachikulu, kufunika kwa ntchito zida kumenya mbisoweka. Anti-chida dongosolo ndi gunships ndege ndithu bwinobwino akhoza m'malo thanki wowonongayo. Koma howitzers ndi odana ndi ndege mfuti zikukwaniritsidwa kutali.

Monga ACS kuchuluka awo anakula ndi kukodzedwa gulu. Taganizirani mitundu ya mfuti kudziletsa injini, mu sayansi asilikali lero.

ofunkha thanki

Monga dzina lake likunenera, ngati makina nkhondo ndi apadera kuwononga magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Childs, iwo analandira zida malinga barreled mfuti zoopsa zoyenera kwa likungosonyeza wa mamilimita 57 mpaka 100 mamilimita ndi njira unitary adzapereke kuti amalola kuti tikwaniritse mtengo mkulu wa moto. Lolemera thanki ofunkha zinthu zoti achite nkhondo yemweyo mdani makina ndi akasinja katundu zikhoza zida ndi mfuti yaitali barreled anagawa adzapereke, ndi likungosonyeza umene ufikira kwa 155 mm. Makhazikitsidwe a m'gulu limeneli ndi operewera ndi oyenda ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Dumphani ndi chitukuko adalandira pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. oimira khalidwe la ofunkha chitini cha nthawi ndi Soviet kudziletsa injini mfuti SU 100 chitsanzo ndi German "jagdpanther". Panopa unsembe wa kalasi akugwetsa kachitidwe odana ndi chida ndi kuphana Helicopters, amene mogwira mtima kupirira akasinja lapansi.

mfuti kumenya

Kodi magalimoto oti muli nazo zida moto thandizo la akasinja ndi oyenda. ACS mtundu wa lalikulu-zida zankhondo (105-203 mm) kapena mfuti yochepa kuleza barreled, amene mosavuta kugunda zokhalamo malo oyenda. Komanso, mfuti kumenya akhoza mogwira ntchito ndi akasinja. Mtundu wa mfuti kudziletsa injini, komanso m'mbuyomu mwachangu anayamba pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. ziwonetsa motsimikiza pankhaniyi mfuti German kumenya injini zitsulo StuG III, StuG H42 ndi Brummbar. Mwa makina Soviet wolemekezeka: SU 122 ndi SU 152. Nkhondo itatha, kupanga nkhondo akasinja waukulu zinachititsa chakuti anali ndi zida zankhondo ndi mfuti lalikulu-likungosonyeza wokhoza mwa kupha malinga mdani wopanda mavuto ndi mipherezero unarmored. Choncho kufunika ntchito zida kumenya mbisoweka.

Self-injini howitzers

Kodi zida mafoni moto ku malo obisika. Ndipotu injini analogue towed zida zankhondo. Chotero ACS zida likungosonyeza machitidwe zida zankhondo ku millimeters 75 406. Iwo anali pang'ono Ballistic buku lomwe kutetezedwa mbakhondesa moto potsimikizira-batire. Kuyambira pachiyambi, chitukuko cha kudzikonda injini zida zankhondo anayamba ndi howitzers kudziletsa injini. Mfuti ya likungosonyeza lalikulu ndi kuyenda mkulu ndi kachitidwe kamakono pamalo kupanga mtundu wa armament mwa zothandiza kwambiri lero.

Makamaka ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito howitzers kudziletsa injini likungosonyeza kuposa millimeters 152. Iwo akhoza kugwa nthawi mdani zokwana nyukiliya, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kuwononga zinthu zazikulu ndi magulu a asilikali ndi ochepa akatemera. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, magalimoto German otchuka Wespe ndi Hummel, howitzers American M7 (Ansembe) ndi M12, komanso British Sexton kudziletsa injini mfuti ndi Bishop. Soviet Union akhazikitsa kupanga makina amenewo (chitsanzo cha Lamulungu-5) mu 40 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, koma kuyesa izi sizinali bwino. Lero, pa masiku Russian asilikali chinayang'ana imodzi yabwino howitzer kudziletsa injini mu dziko - 2S19 "MSTA-S" likungosonyeza la mamilimita 152. Mu ankhondo a mayiko NATO ofunika njira 155 mm kudziletsa injini mfuti yake, "Paladin" mu utumiki.

odana

SAU mu kalasi ndi theka-lotseguka kapena kutsegula makina, onyamula zida odana thanki. Childs, iwo ali omangidwa pa maziko a kuwala oti muli nazo zida thanki galimotoyo, amene zimasintha ntchito zake anafuna. makina amenewa amadziŵika ndi osakaniza wabwino wa mtengo ndi dzuwa ndipo akupezeka mabuku ndi mkulu. Komabe, iwo anataya karate makhalidwe a makina zambiri specialization. Chitsanzo chabwino thanki wowonongayo ya nkhondo yachiwiri ndi makina German Marder II ndi zoweta SU-76M. Childs, zinthu zing'onozing'ono zida zankhondo kapena atakhala mfuti srednekalibernymi. Komabe, nthawi zina pamakhala wamphamvu kwambiri Baibulo, mwachitsanzo, German Nashorn likungosonyeza wa 128 mm. Masiku mayunitsi asilikali sizigwiritsidwa ntchito.

antiaircraft

Ndi apadera Cannon ndi makina mfuti, amene ntchito yaikulu ndi kugonjetsa otsika okwera ndi sing'anga-okwera ndege Helicopters mdani. Kawirikawiri ang'ono-likungosonyeza basi mfuti zida (20-40 mm) ndi / kapena mfuti lalikulu likungosonyeza (12,7-14,5 mm). Chinthu chofunika kwa odana ndege dongosolo malangizo anali pa mipherezero mofulumira ikuyenda. Nthawi zina Komanso zida mivi ya "nthaka ndi mpweya." Anamenyana m'mizinda, ndi milandu pamene kuli kofunikira kukana misa lalikulu oyenda, odana ndi ndege mfuti anasonyeza lokha komanso kukhala. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, makamaka kusiyana pakati German odana ndege mfuti Wirbelwind ndi Ostwind, komanso Soviet ZSU 37. Modern asilikali Russian ali awiri ZSU zida: 23-4 ( "Shilka") ndi "Tunguska".

surrogate

Kodi improvised kumenyana magalimoto, cholinga pamaziko a magalimoto malonda, zida zankhondo mathirakitala ndi mathirakitala. Zamalowo ku SAU surrogate, monga ulamuliro, akusowa. Mwa makhazikitsidwe zoweta yogawa ngati kalasi analandira 57 mm kudziletsa injini odana thanki nkhondowo galimoto ZIS 30 kuti zachokera pa inamva zida zankhondo thalakitala "Komsomolets". Ambiri ntchito makina surrogate, Nazi Germany ndi lopondereza Italy chifukwa chosowa magalimoto ena oti muli nazo zida.

A lililonse kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo za USSR bwinobwino Chili ntchito magulu angapo. Chitsanzo zoonekeratu uyu anali chitsanzo ISU 152. Germany Pamilunguyo njira kulenga apadera kwambiri mfuti kudziletsa injini. Motero, ena mayunitsi German anali abwino makalasi awo.

ntchito machenjerero

Kuti timvetsetse zimene ACS ndi chomwe iwo ali, tiyeni tiphunzire kuwagwiritsa ntchito mu ntchito. Cholinga chachikulu cha kudzikonda injini zida zankhondo nkhondo ndi kuthandiza zina la asilikali ndi zida zankhondo moto kuchokera malo obisika. Chifukwa chakuti ACS ndi kuyenda mkulu, iwo akhoza limodzi ndi akasinja pa yopuma kudzera chitetezo mdani, kwambiri kuwonjezeka mphamvu ya nkhondowo wa asilikali oti muli nazo zida ndi oyenda.

Mkulu sayenda komanso amapereka mwayi kudzimvera injini zida zankhondo kuukira mdani. Kuti tichite zimenezi chisanafike kudziwa magawo onse kuwombera. ACS kupita malo yowotcha ndipo anatsogolera nthenda yaikulu adani popanda zeroing. Kenako mwamsanga kusiya yowotcha mzere, ndi nthawi pamene Mdani kuwerengetsa malo kwa amenye kubwezera choipa, malo liyenera kukhala kanthu.

Ngati akasinja mdani ndi Moto oyenda anagumula mzere yodzitetezera, kudzikonda injini zida zankhondo atha kutumikira ngati bwino zida odana thanki. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ena zitsanzo ACS kulowa zipolopolo chapadera zipolopolo.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kudzikonda injini zida zankhondo zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupha snipers amene kubisala mu zovuta kuukira malo ena firepower.

Single kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo, zida ndi mivi nyukiliya angathe kuwononga zinthu zazikulu, midzi yamalinga, komanso matumba a asilikali mdani. Pankhaniyi, mizinga nyukiliya ACS zosatheka kukakumana. Komabe, osiyanasiyana mipherezero n'zotheka akulimbana zida zankhondo zipolopolo zosakwana kapena ndege mivi mwatsatanetsatane, komanso mphamvu kuphulika lapansi.

dongosolo

Ambiri mwa kutali, kudzikonda injini makina zambiri inamangidwa pa m'munsi mwa thanki ndi kuwala galimotoyo oti muli nazo zida inamva magalimoto. Nthawi zonse makonzedwe a zigawo ndi misonkhano ndi ofanana. Mosiyana akasinja, nsanja ACS unsembe ili pa kumbuyo zida nyumba, osati pakati. Choncho ndondomeko ya kupereka zida kwa nthaka ntchito kwambiri. Engine-kufala gulu, motero inali kutsogolo ndi gawo pakati pace. Chifukwa chakuti ndimakokedwe ili ku uta, izo m'pofunika kuti magudumu kutsogolo akupita. Komabe, panopa ACS azimuth kwa ntchito kumbuyo-gudumu pagalimoto.

kulekana kwa kasamalidwe, ndi chimodzimodzi - kuntchito ya dalaivala, ili pafupi ndi likulu gearbox za makina kapena pafupi ndi mbali ya kumanzere. galimoto ili pakati pa mfundo za galimoto ndi oyendetsa chipinda. Kulimbana chipinda zikuphatikizapo yolimbanirana ndi zipangizo aiming mfuti.

Analoseranso iyeyo kuwayika zigawo ndi misonkhano, mfuti phiri akhoza kulemba za thanki nyemba. Nthawi zina, iwo kuchita kuimira thanki nsanja malembedwe aantchito m'malo ndi nsanja wapadera ndi mlingo wa chida ndi zipangizo malangizo. Apa ife tiri ndi inu ndi kudziwa zimene ACS.