Mapulani zovuta "Kyiv linga"

"Kyiv Linga" - kuipidwa wa chitetezo cha likulu Chiyukireniya, kupangidwa kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Pamafunikanso: Museum wa mbiri Wachiwiri World nkhondo, mbewu "zida", Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, ndi gulu la makoma kumbuyo ndi mitengo Kiev.

The chipilala wapadera

Ndi dziko chipilala yekha kwa mpanda ndi mmodzi wa forts padziko lonse lapansi zadothi kuti anapulumuka masiku ano. Koma si aliyense akudziwa kumene Kiev linga. Iwo lili Hospital Street, 24a.

Pali nthawi zonse ndikukhazikitsa latsopano zofukula m'mabwinja nthawi Kievan Lazaro ndi nthawi Asikuti. Pa maholide zovuta Kyiv linga (chithunzi m'munsimu) mfuti sawatcha ndi kukweza mbendera. Mu moto chipinda, amene Palibenso katundu lamayimbidwe, nyimbo ndi madzulo zolembalemba.

The linga la Kievan Lazaro: zina zinachitikira

History mtima anayamba m'zaka za m'ma 5 mochedwa linga, yomwe ili pa Old Kiev Hill. Pa nthawiyo anali anatsindika palisades, moats ndi makoma. Koma pambuyo Kiev n'kukhala likulu la Kievan Lazaro, mzinda anayamba dongosolo la malinga. m'madera onse a mumzindawo atadzuka chitetezo chake dongosolo. Mu 1240, pambuyo kugonjetsedwa ndi, akamagwira Batu Khan, dilapidated malinga. gawo lawo latsopano chitukuko akuyamba pa Polish-Chilituyaniya ulamuliro, pamene anaimika linga (Chilituyaniya Nyumbayi) pa Horevitsa phiri. Ali kumeneko mu boma la Russia boma Kiev zinamangidwa chitetezo cha Pechersk kuti Khreshchatyk. M'magulumagulu 1679 Cossack kutsogoleredwa ndi Samoilovych kuphatikiza Crypt Starokievsky ndi kulimbikitsa Choncho anapanga wamba yaikulu linga. Pechersk citadel m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu kukhazikitsidwa kwake mokwanira.

zovuta

Kiev linga, limene lili mu phiri Pechersk, muli zigawo zitatu za chitetezo: The kuchipatala ndi Vasilkovskoe mtima, komanso citadel. Yomanga mpanda wolimba, umene unayamba mu zaka zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, zinali chifukwa chakuti Chirasha Ufumu anali akukonzekera Wamkulu Northern nkhondo. Komanso Kiev amadziŵika monga waukulu mfundo njira. Mu 1706 iye abwera kumzinda, Peter Ine, ndipo supeza malo malinga watsopano. Malo abwino kwambiri anatembenuka agulupa Kiev-Pechersk. Mu chaka chomwecho pamaso pa mfumu inali chiyambi cha boma cha mwala wa linga, amene m'tsogolo adzakhala phata la mpanda wolimba Kiev. Ndipo panthawi pano mu Kyiv Linga zovuta adiresi yabwino kwambiri alendo.

Agulupa monga amtengo ifeyo

Kiev-Pechersk obisika, pachimake waukulu kulimbitsa Crypt, anali sanasankhe mwangozi. Iye ali kuyambira pachiyambi linakhalapo anali nsanja wangwiro ndi makoma kumbuyo. Kuchokera m'masiku a amadziwika kuti kale mu theka 2 wa atumwi khumi ndi obisika anali atazungulira palisade a. M'zaka akhumi ndi palisade anali m'malo mwa mpanda wamiyala umene 1240 anawonongedwa ndi asilikaliwa. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mpanda obisika anali akadali ndi mtengo. Ndi nthawi yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba makoma. Choncho, mu 1679 asilikali a Hetman Ivan Samoilovych padziko obisika ndi anamangidwira embankments. Patatha zaka makumi awiri, agulupa kutetezedwa makoma kwambiri ndi zipata angapo pakhomo ndi nsanja asanu, komanso mipingo wapadera pachipata. Pakali pano, ife anapulumuka Ivan Kushnikov, Onufrievskaya, South ndi kupaka nsanja. Okonzeka ndi munakhazikitsa Anachotsa nsanja mokomera pakhoma. Kusindikiza mwala makoma, pansi pa za 3 meters wandiweyani, anali ndi msinkhu wa mamita pafupifupi isanu ndi kutsirizitsa karate tambirimbiri ili pa nyumba kulankhula. Iwo mkati anapangidwa mawonekedwe a arcades.

Udindo wa agulupa mu mbiri ya linga la

Choncho, obisika pa nthawi m'munsi Pechersk linga anali mokwanira odalirika chitetezo. Kumanga linga mtundu zadothi linga linamalizidwa mu 1723 Zinali lolimbikitsa mawu a dongosolo zozungulira za malinga. Pamafunikanso 9 bastions, wina polubastion Ravelin, makatani kapena zinthu zina. Pamene kuopseza kupitiriza za phukusi yachilendo, kulinga zonse inalamula yokonza yokonza yake, komanso wamakono ake ndi kukonzanso. Mu makumi asanu za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, ntchito linga yomanga akuthamanga Bosquet, ntchito yokonza asilikali. Pa nthawi imeneyo, bastions kulandira dzina panopa: Spassky, Pavlovsky, Akukwera, Petrovsky, Semyonov, St. Andrew. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu mpanda wolimba kuposa malinga lotseguka, angapo nyumba zina zofunika kwambiri zinamangidwa, monga Moscow ndi Vasilkovsky chipata, zida House, ufa magazini, formulations m'chipindacho. Popeza patsogolo chitukuko cha zida, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka mu uthunthu kupezeka kwa Cannon, chinali anamanga zadothi Zverinetsky Opperman kulimbitsa pempholo, ntchito yokonza asilikali. Izo zinachitika madzulo a Nkhondo ya 1812 makamaka kuteteza Pechersk linga.

Ntchito yomanga maofesi atsopano a linga la

Kiev sanataye mtengo asilikali ndi njira, ngakhale pambuyo pa nkhondo. Mu 1830, dongosolo anali ovomerezedwa ndi mpanda wolimba latsopano limene yapangidwa Oppermann. Malinga polojekiti envisaged yomanga Hospital ndi Vassilkovsky malinga. Komanso zakonzedwa kusintha Pechersk citadel m'gulu dongosolo wonse wa malinga. Ndipo mpaka pano, Kyiv linga (zithunzi angaonedwe m'nkhani ino) amapereka tione zinthu zimenezi.

Kiev anayamba kumanga mpanda wolimba mu 1831, utayambika otchedwa Vassilkovsky kulimbitsa, pamene yomanga izo inatha mu 1863. Mpheroyi Ravelin ndi guardhouse, embankments, komanso nsanja zitatu. Cherepanov phiri mtima kuchipatala inamangidwa zaka 1842-1849. Pamafunikanso 3 guardhouse, yomwe ili m'mphepete, embankments, oblique caponier, kumpoto caponier mlatho yaing'ono, chipatala ndi nyumba zina zambiri. Komanso pafupi ndi chigwa zokambirana Klovsky kupanga zinamangidwa nsanja ziwiri, zipata Nikolaev ndi kuzungulira Far ndi Near Mapanga zinalengedwa mwa makoma kumbuyo.

Mipanda yolimba kamangidwe zovuta "Kyiv linga", umene unakwaniritsidwa mu zaka zao za sikisite za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, wopangidwa mwa Hospital ndi Vassilkovsky malinga Pechersk citadel yomanga Zverynets malinga. Koma panthawi imeneyo wokangalika kukhazikitsa firearm, ndi nthawi ya polojekiti sanakwaniritse ziyeneretso kale ano chitetezo. Mu zaka 1871-1877 kufunika kusintha chitetezo anapanga kumanga linga pa phiri.

Motero, Kyiv Linga ngati waukulu mpanda zovuta, anamanga oposa theka zaka. Uthenga wabwino ndi kuti ambiri a nyumba zake zinasungidwa kuti nthawi lino.

Ngakhale kuti zovuta "Kyiv mpanda wolimba" ndi nthawi anataya kufunika kwake koyamba njira, kuchuluka yaikulu ya chitetezo 4 polenga nyumba zokhalamo anali ndi moyo mpaka pano.

Kutanthauza linga mu nkhani Kiev

Mu mbiri ya mzinda gawo la Kiev Linga osokoneza. Pafupifupi zaka 70 wa chilengedwe cha asilikali ndi mipanda yolimba msasa mkati Pechersk akhoza sachedwa yomanga wachibadwidwe wa m'deralo. Komanso, kumanga ake mwachindunji zokhudzana mofulumira chitukuko vodogona, mafakitale njerwa, kulenga Boom (Pankratevskogo, Alexandrovsky, Navodnitsky, Klovsky) ndi misewu cobbled, ndi embankment pa msewu, woyamba okhazikika ulalo Dnieper. Yopanga aluso ARSENALNY linga anali Ndisanaumbidwe "zida" mbewu. Pakali pano, zovuta za nyumba ya linga la imatengedwa kuti ndi zenizeni nyumbayi mbiri ya mpanda, lomwe limasonyeza chitukuko cha nthawi malinga rifled ndi mfuti smoothbore.

nyumba

The wamkulu akale chosaiwalika amaonedwa monga makoma kumbuyo ndi nsanja. Iwo zili padziko Upper Lavra. Pakuti machitidwe atsopano mpanda a phata malinga zadothi wa citadel chipatala polygonal mpanda Vasilkovskoe kutonthozedwa. Mitundu yonse chipinda kumbuyo ili Pechersk, palokha kutchula mbali ya Russian mpanda sukulu. Iye, malinga ndi akatswiri, zatenga malo kwambiri ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Lysogorskaya kulimbikitsa timasonyeza makhalidwe a linga akutali forts nthawi rifled zida zankhondo. Ena nyumba ya mpanda wolimba ndi mbali imodzi ndi mbiri ya kayendedwe chosintha ndi kumasulidwa. Kumene kunali ndende ndale "Kiev Shlisselburg" mu mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo anatsegula m'nyumbayi "oblique caponier".

Kyiv Linga Museum lero

Chaka chilichonse, akatswiri anapeza mfundo zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mbiriyakale ya mzinda ndi linga. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene pano mphindi Kyiv linga - mmodzi wa ambiri chachinsinsi zakale mzinda. Amafotokozera chidwi kwambiri wa chinthu amati Diagon Caponier, anamanga mu 1844. Ndi nyumba ndi mipanda wandiweyani, amene maziko ndi mwala ndi njerwa. Mu makoma ake slits zikadzakhala ndi embrasures kwa mfuti ndipo mfuti. Kumathandiza kuti zosavuta Buku Caponier nkhondo anaika pa ngodya kwa kutsinde linga la, choncho dzina anaonekera. Kuyambira pachiyambi, kunali koyenera kwa kusungiramo zida zankhondo ndi zida kusunga. Koma mu zaka zao za sikisite cha m'ma 19 anakhala m'ndende ndale, amene ankanena, monga mungadziwire, akaidi ndale pamaso kutengerapo awo Lesogorskiy linga pa zokoloweka lapansi.

Pakali pano, oblique Caponier akuimira mbali zofunika kwambiri ndi chidwi ya linga Kiev. Popanda iye, mu gawo la Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo Museum, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, komanso maofesi ambiri. Iwo akhoza anafika pamene Pechersk, mu zovuta "Kyiv linga." Kodi kudziwana aliyense mu mzinda, ndipo iwo adzakhala n'chiyani inu: kuchokera okwerera sitima / sitima ali mpata m'basi nambala 14, basi chiwerengero 534 ku siteji ya basi ndi dzina yoyenera kapena takisi. Kuyambira Bessarabki ndi Anzanu the Peoples ' ndi Solomyanki kuyenda basi chiwerengero 450.

zakale

Mu guardhouse ndi zakale awiri kuti anadzipereka kwa mbiri za malinga ndi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mmodzi wa iwo ali pansi. Alendo zidzagwira mu mawonekedwe anatembenukira kwa akaidi. Ndi kusintha zinthu zakale munakhazikitsa onse akhala n'kukhala mazenera ndi grids odalirika. Apa ndi mwayi zambiri za ziwiya akale, mtundu, zida ndi katundu akaidi anapulumuka masiku ano. M'nyumbayi otsatira zofunika mbiri yakale ndi yunifolomu kwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana.

Today Kyiv linga ndi chimodzi mwa mzinda kwambiri enigmatic wa zinthu zakale, monga chaka chilichonse, akatswiri anapeza mfundo zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mbiriyakale ya mzinda ndi linga.

Zosonkhanitsira owonetsera zakale

Ikulu mwala nsanja, earthworks ndi caponiers - izo maulendo zinthu oonetsa mapulani zovuta "Kyiv linga." Dongosolo la zisudzo ankaimira gulu ankapenta mbiri ndi asilikali Ukraine, Europe yaikulu mndandanda wa "Napoleoniana" kusindikiza gulu la UPR ndi iye. Makhno. Malupanga, mikondo, crossbows, ndi gakovnitsy Chablis ndi zida modziwika zoyenera mu view wonse wa malinga. zisudzo Museum anayikidwa mu caponiers awiri amene amafotokoza za mbiri ya Kiev ndi mpanda dziko kuyambira Tripoli chikhalidwe mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, komanso mbiri ya ntchito zomangamanga mpanda wolimba.