Fayum chithunzi: ndi katswiri wa zojambulajambula

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVII mu umodzi wa m'manda anaphunzira Italy wapaulendo anapeza zithunzi zosowa imene inachititsa kuti ku Ulaya mantha weniweni - iwo ali osiyana ndi ena.

Zofunika anapeza mbiri

Koma mbiri weniweni wabweza pofukula anapezazo Mitembo yokhala mu 1887 pafupi ndi mzinda wa Fayoum, asezare akale Aigupto. Pambuyo adzagonjetsa Alexander Wamkulu anatenga malo ake kumeneko ndi Agiriki ndi Aroma. Maliro mpatuko kugwirizana ndi mankhwala akufa, amaloŵamo kusintha kwake. Ngati kale Aiguputo mudabvala nkhope mummified thupi lanu litapakidwa sarcophagus ndi, zosiyanasiyana masks, si zimathandizadi zithunzi za wakufayo, ndi amisiri m'dera utoto zithunzi za atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena utoto sera kwa kukana kuti lawola nkhuni, nthawizina pa nsalu zokha ayi amene glued kuti bolodi.

Fayum chitsime, kutsegula mbali osadziwika wa zilandiridwenso aluso wakale, nampatsa dzina lake ndi chifaniziro kwabasi kwa akufa, amene anapanga kusintha moona chikhalidwe pa nthawi. Tione, kudula pa kukula bwino, anali Ufumuyo mutu wa Malemu ndi: ndi nsalu zoyera, monga ngati kuchokera pa zenera, anayang'ana zimathandizadi kuona munthu wakufa.

Njira ya ntchito utoto

aluso ntchito yapadera encaustic njira, imene imaphatikizapo ntchito utoto mwachindunji nkhuni popanda chisanadze processing. Fayum chithunzi wa womwalirayo anali fano umagwiritsidwa ndi burashi ndi ndodo mkangano chitsulo. Ntchito imeneyi inali ntchito-tima kwambiri, zofuna luso kuyambira kukonzedwa mu chithunzi cha sikuloledwa. Chifukwa utoto mkulu kutentha bwinobwino yophika waxy kusungunuka, musayambe pamwamba m'goli pa solidification, kulenga zotsatira za buku. Komanso, mabwana ntchito mbale zagolide, potsindika maziko, ndi nkhata pa mutu wake kapena gawo lirilonse la zovala.

njira ina ntchito alembe maliro zithunzi za anthu, ndi tempera. Images analenga inki zochokera wothira zomatira nyama, anachita padziko matte ndi mphonje zochepa Amowabu Mosiyana kuwala ndi mthunzi. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena moyo wautali mafano amenewa: Fayum chithunzi ku Egypt wakale luso bwino apulumutsidwa, ndipo lero anafika popanda kutaya kuwala kwa mtundu ndipo sangathe kusintha zosakhalitsa.

luso zithunzi Roma kwa akufa

Tisaiwale kuti kulemba zithunzi mwambo anali mbali ya mwambo ndi Ufumu wa Roma, yekha m'chifanizo amakhala mbali ya maliro mpatuko, ndi zifanizo za makolo akufa ndi mafumu womwalirayo anali mu mabwalo otchedwa atria. mbali Stylistic anali ofanana ndi penti Fayum zithunzi Komabe, apeza kagawo kakang'ono ka ntchito za luso Roma, koma katswiri wakale wa luso dziko la Aigupto, monga asayansi amati, anapulumuka mu chikhalidwe abwino kwa mbadwa osati chifukwa cha njira yapadera ntchito utoto, komanso mayiko louma .

Kufanana ndi iconography ndi

Anayamba kalekale zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo zithunzi zimene kukhala chozizwitsa chenicheni mu dziko la chisunzo, anauzidwa kuti ana amakhala zithunzi za anthu. Wapadera fanizo la Aiguputo akale, amene ankakhala mu nthawi ya mphamvu Agiriki ndi Aroma, osati chabe zapita mawonekedwe anthu. Ikulu chisoni maso kuyang'ana kupyolera amatsata monga ngati kuwona chinachake kuti kosamugonjera zikuwoneka moyo.

Osati mwamwayi mchikakamizo cha zithunzi zimathandizadi kuti ali mbali ina ya moyo, anayamba kupanga malamulo a iconography. Koma musaiwale kuti akadali zithunzi mwambo sizili kaamba kuganizira za amoyo, ndipo zinalengedwa yekha maliro, chifukwa Aigupto kuti nthawi zonse n'kofunika kwambiri kuti moyo wina pambuyo.

Maliro chithunzi monga kalambulabwalo iconography

Kenako Byzantine iconography zimakhudza ndi zilandiridwenso wa ambuye akale, kulemba pa encaustic mtengo ndi ntchito mbale woonda tsamba golide. Kuyang'ana pa zithunzi maliro, kuyang'ana mu dziko lina, pang'onopang'ono zimachokera kwa chipembedzo luso la Byzantium. Stylistically ankaganiza proikonoy Fayum chithunzi, chisoni maliro chithunzi ndipo lapangidwa kusunga mbali ankakonda cha munthu wakufa. The moyo chizindikiro amagonjetsa imfa, ndipo nkhope yake kwa Mulungu, ndi tanthauzo la chisamaliro si mu omaliza ndi chimwemwe mwa msonkhano Isitala. Ojambula zithunzi ngati akusuzumira moyo, osati kudutsa fano akanthawi ndiponso kuwona izo pa kaonedwe ka umunthu wosafa anasandulika mu kuwala kwa muyaya.

Kuchokera zithunzi zimathandizadi - nkhope yabwino

Akatswiriwo amakhulupirira kuti mafano onse olembedwa kuti munthu wamoyo, monga kupeza womwalirayo ndi kugwira ntchito ndi iwo kunali koletsedwa mwa ambuye aigupto. Choncho maliro chithunzi (Fayum) ayenera analamula pasadakhale, zojambulidwa pa moyo wake, iye anali atapachikidwa pa nyumba mpaka imfa munthu. Asayansi ena amanena kuti n'kutheka kuti chithunzi china pa amtunduwu, amene pambuyo mortem ndipo makope chopangidwa kwa Mitembo yokhala.

Ngati ife kulankhula za fano moyenera womwalirayo Ndithu kusocheretsa icho chikadali vnevozrastnye fano la fano linalake abwino, monga ngati atapanga muyaya. Mumadziwika Mitembo yokhala ndi zithunzi maliro omwe anayang'ana wachinyamata, ngakhale kwenikweni anthu anamwalira ali wokalamba. Byzantine chizindikiro kupenta inali kuyendayenda ku chithunzi chenicheni cha yabwino ndi nkhope wosatha chotsatira malamulo lolembapo zithunzi za oyera mtima.

kusintha stylistic

Ndi ponena kuti ndi chitukuko cha Chikhristu mu kulemba Fayum chithunzi kusintha lonse chikuchitika, izo conceptualized fano la munthu ndi uzimu kunadetsa ukulamulira ogwirika ofunika. NdiAmene wa Roma ankaona kusintha kwakukulu mu maganizo a dziko, anasonyeza m'njira ochiritsira wochita mawonekedwe, woyanjidwa contours wowuma mtima, osati buku.

Kuvala wodziwika bwino khalidwe chithunzi Fayum anasintha stylistically, rethinking thupi laumunthu. Christianity, ovomerezeka mu IV atumwi ku Egypt, ayimitsa mchitidwe wa mankhwala ndi encaustic njira pang'ono ndi pang'ono aiwala, pamodzi ndi kutha kwa mafano maliro.

Features zithunzi mwambo

Pamaziko a malamulo mumtima wa penti zithunzi mwambo, ndi mbali zotsatirazi zomwe wa maliro zithunzi za chi:

• Gwero kuwala pamwamba, lamanja la mbali wolotayo azionerera wa nkhope ndi mu mthunzi.
• Mutu anatembenuka firii kotala moyo zithunzi ndi pafupifupi kwina.
• Tiziona imatsogoleredwa pa akungokuonani, koma osati mu diso wowerenga a.
• Pa nkhope si anasonyeza mtima, maso lonse tsegula ali achisoni.
• Background chithunzi - monochrome, kapena kuwala kapena golide.
• The asymmetry wa lamanzere ndi lamanja mbali ya nkhope (m'mphambano za milomo, nsidze, makutu kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino osiyana ndi ankaimira zimatiyika). Akukhulupirira kuti ndi azimuth latsopano kupenta anali kufuna kupereka kaonedwe ka fano akusonyezera.

Popeza maliro chithunzi (Fayum) linalembedwa ngakhale moyo wa munthu, ndipo mwina kwa nthawi yaitali anali mu nyumba yake, pafupifupi onse chojambulidwa pa kuwonekera achinyamata. Atamwalira fano ndi ophatikizidwa mu nsalu ya Malemu, ndipo pamutu pake mosamala ntchito kupyolera osindikizira nkhata ya golide, kufanizira moyo wosatha.

zithunzi maliro ngati chithunzithunzi cha mumaganiza mafashoni

zithunzi maliro - ichi ndi weniweni luso gallery, kulenga chikhalidwe wapadera zokhudza aliyense wowerenga kuti luso lalikulu, kupereka zosangalatsa zokongoletsa. Malinga ndi Fayum zithunzi mosavuta mme- mafashoni Agiriki a nthawi. Amuna anali yosonyezedwa chofunda chonyezimila, ndi akazi - mikanjo wofiira, woyera kapena Kamaoneka. Miyala yamtengo wapatali kukumana msinkhu winawake, monga tsitsi. Iye akhapidziwa kuti kalembedwe makamaka kufunsa banja Mfumu, kuti kuyambitsa njira zatsopano makongoletsedwe tsitsi, makamaka kwa amayi, koma m'chigawo ku likulu la kachitidwe anafika pang'onopang'ono.

Museum katswiri wa zojambulajambula

Asayansi zosaposa 900 Fayum zithunzi popanga chidwi ndipo anakhala kwathunthu wodzilamulira mu gulu la chisunzo. Zikuoneka kuti yaing'ono luso zomera ndinalota kuti likhale chuma wakale wa mwambo wa maliro a Aigupto wakale. zithunzi izi tsopano mtengo kwambiri pa amagulitsa nsombazo zosiyanasiyana, ndi chidwi la okhometsa mseri kwa luso mwambo kumawonjezera chaka chilichonse. Osanenapo kuchuluka kwa fakes ndipo makope, koma zojambula amange mu kalembedwe zithunzi maliro musati kusunga fano la pambuyo mortem maonekedwe miyambo.

Nthuli zina wapadera amene anapulumuka mpaka pano, tsopano kusungidwa mu zopereka za zinthu zochititsa chidwi chachikulu padziko, kuphatikizapo Pushkin. Mu holo ya luso wakale wa azikhalidwe ndiponso ndi chidwi ndi chithunzi akhoza kuganizira mozama zosaneneka za kufala kwa mafano Fayum zithunzi. Pushkin Museum mu Moscow, Akuzigwira oposa 20 zithunzi manda amasirira amene mwapadera kubwera ngakhale alendo. Wotchuka chithunzi cha mnyamata limasonyeza weniweni wokongola mbali chachimuna ndi losonyeza ngati makala maso. maonekedwe ake lonse zikusonyeza makhalidwe otentha ndi chikhalidwe capricious ndi mitundu mitundu zosiyana ngati mapampu nkhawa mkati.

art Aigupto nthaŵi zonse chuma chenicheni cha nthawi zonse, ndi Fayum zithunzi, mtengo luso lomwe ndi amazipanga mkulu, amaonedwa kukhala katswiri lodalirika. Iwo angatchedwe chipata, ndi lotseguka kwa ambuye tsogolo la njira zatsopano zilandiridwenso, monga mmene akufotokozera pa chilengedwe cha zithunzi Byzantine.