Zithunzi za Byzantine. Zithunzi za Russian ndi Byzantine

Zimakhulupirira kuti chithunzichi ndi chithunzi cha Mulungu kapena Woyera pa dziko lapansi, amene ali mkhalapakati ndi woyendetsa pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi zauzimu. Kukula kwa kulemba mafano kumapita kutali kwambiri nthawi zakalekale. Choyamba, malingana ndi nthano, panali chidindo cha Khristu, chomwe chinawonekera pa thaulo (ubrus) pamene anafafanizidwa.

Zithunzi za Byzantine ndizojambula zoyambirira zomwe nkhope za oyera mtima, Ambuye Mulungu, Amayi a Mulungu ndi mwana wawo, akuyesa kulanda.

Kulemba Zithunzi

Zithunzi zoyambirira za Byzantine zomwe zapitirirabe mpaka lero ndizofika m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Mosakayikira, panalipo poyamba, koma mwatsoka iwo sanapulumutsidwe. Akristu oyambirira anali nthawi zambiri akuzunzidwa ndi kuzunzidwa, zolembedwa zambiri ndi zojambula za nthawi imeneyo zinangowonongedwa. Komanso, panthawiyo kunali kuonedwa kupembedza mafano.

M'machitidwe a kulembedwa angathe kuweruzidwa ndi zina zosungidwa. Chilichonse chinali chophweka komanso chokhazika mtima pansi. Chithunzi chilichonse chiyenera kusonyeza mphamvu ya mzimu ndi kuya kwa fano.

Pakalipano, zithunzi zambiri za Byzantine zimasungidwa pa phiri la Sinai ku nyumba ya amonke ya St. Catherine. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo ndi:

• "Khristu Wolamulira."
• "Mtumwi Petro."
• "Mayi wa Mulungu ali pampando wachifumu."

Zomwe ankalemba polemba - zinkaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri panthawiyo. Zodabwitsa zake n'zakuti fanoli ndijambulidwa ndi utoto wa sera, ngakhale wotentha. Njira iyi ya kulemba inavomereza zowonetsera zenizeni za mawonekedwe pa chithunzi. M'tsogolomu, njirayi idasinthidwa ndi tempera, popeza idakhulupilidwa kuti inali yogwirizana kwambiri ndi malemba olemba.

Chinanso chokondweretsa ndi chakuti zithunzi zitatuzo ndizofunika kwambiri zomwe zinapangidwanso m'masewerowa. M'tsogolomu, kalembedwe ka zolembedwera kameneka kanasinthidwa kukhala chinthu chophiphiritsira, pomwe umunthu womwe ukuwonetsedwa pa chithunzicho sunali waukulu, koma uzimu wake. Mu nthawi ya Comnin (1059-1204), chithunzi cha mafano chinakhalanso chamunthu, komabe chikhalidwe chauzimu chinakhalabe. Chitsanzo chodziwika ndi chizindikiro cha Vladimir. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, ngakhale kuti Constantinople anagonjetsedwa, mafano atsopano anaonekera. Izi ndizokhazika mtima pansi. Pambuyo pake ojambula zithunzi za Byzantium akupitiliza kufufuza malembo oyenera a nkhope ndi fano lonse. M'zaka za zana la XIV, kuunika kwa Kuunika kwaumulungu kunakhala kofunika m'mafano. Kufikira kugwidwa kwa Constantinople, kufufuza ndi kuyesera kumbali iyi kupitirira. Komanso panali zatsopano zatsopano.

Chiwonetsero chazithunzi cha Byzantine m'nthaŵi yake chinakhudza kwambiri maiko onse kumene Chikristu chifalikira.

Kulemba mafano ku Russia

Zithunzi zoyambirira ku Russia zinangowonekera pambuyo pa ubatizo wa Rus. Iwo anali zithunzi za Byzantine, zomwe zinalembedwa mwa dongosolo. Masters a maphunziro adaitanidwanso. Motero, nthawi yoyamba zithunzi za ku Russia zinkakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Byzantine.

M'zaka za zana la XI, sukulu yoyamba ya Kiev-Pechersk Lavra inaonekera. Ojambula oyambirira odziwika bwino anaonekera: Alipius ndi "wothandizira" wake, monga momwe zinalembedwera pamanja umodzi, Grigory. Amakhulupirira kuti kuchokera ku Kiev Chikristu chinapita ku mizinda ina ya ku Russia. Pamodzi ndi iye ndi zithunzi zojambula.

Patapita kanthawi panali masukulu akuluakulu ku Novgorod, Pskov, Moscow. Aliyense wa iwo adzipanga zolemba zake zomwe. Panthawi ino, kusaina kwa mafano, kugawidwa kwa zolemba kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tikhoza kunena kuti kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi lachisanu ndi chimodzi, Russian kalembedwe ka kulembedwa kwathunthu ndi Byzantine, anakhala odziimira.

Ngati tikulankhula za sukulu makamaka, muzinthu za Novgorod zimakhala zosavuta komanso za lazinicism, kuunika kwa mawu ndi kukula kwa mawonekedwe. Sukulu ya Pskov ili ndi chithunzi cholakwika, chomwe chimakhala chokwanira, koma chimapatsidwa chidziwitso. Wodziwika ndi mtundu wodetsedwa kwambiri wokhala ndi mdima wandiweyani, mdima wandiweyani, wofiira ndi lalanje la matani. Zithunzi zam'mbuyo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachikasu.

Sukulu ya Moscow imatengedwa kuti ndi chifaniziro cha kujambula kwa nthawi. Anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito za Theophanes the Greek, amene anabweretsa miyambo ina ku Constantinople. Pokhapokha panali ntchito ya Andrei Rublev, amene anapanga zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za zithunzi. M'ntchito yomwe anagwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe kameneka kanali kofanana ndi Byzantium m'zaka za m'ma XV. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anagwiritsa ntchito mawu a Chirasha. Zotsatira zake, timakhala ndi zithunzi zodabwitsa mmachitidwe.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chiwonetsero cha Russia, ngakhale kuti chinayendetsedwa, koma chinasunga mitundu yonse yolemba mafano omwe anali mu Byzantium. Inde, patapita nthawi iwo anasintha, ngakhale atsopano anawonekera. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa oyera mtima atsopano, komanso kulemekeza kwapadera zomwe zinalibe phindu mu Byzantium.

M'zaka za zana la XVII, zojambulajambula mu Russia zikukhala zojambula kwambiri kuposa zauzimu, komanso zimakhala zosawerengeka. Masters akuyamikidwanso, ndipo amatumizidwa ku maiko ena kuti akakhale ndi akachisi. Zithunzi zachi Russia zimalamulidwa ndipo zimaperekedwa m'mayiko ambiri a Orthodox. M'zaka zapitazi, lusoli limangotchulidwa mosamala.

Zojambulajambula ku Russia panthaŵi ya Soviet Union zinayamba kuchepa, zina mwa zithunzi zakale zinatayika. Komabe, tsopano ikutsitsimutsa pang'onopang'ono, maina atsopano a ojambula akuwonekera, omwe ali ndi zovuta mmunda uno.

Tanthauzo la mafano a amayi a Mulungu m'moyo wa okhulupirira

Theotokos nthawi zonse ankagwira ntchito yapadera mu Chikhristu. Kuchokera masiku oyambirira iye anali womulankhulira komanso woteteza anthu wamba, mizinda ndi mayiko. Mwachiwonekere, ndicho chifukwa chake pali zizindikiro zambiri za amayi a Mulungu. Malinga ndi nthano, zithunzi zake zoyambirira zinalembedwa ndi Luke, mlaliki. Zizindikiro za Namwali ali ndi mphamvu yapadera yozizwitsa. Ndiponso, mndandanda wina, wolembedwa kuchokera ku mafano osiyana, potsiriza unakhala machiritso ndi kuteteza.

Ngati tikulankhula za chithunzi chomwe amayi a Mulungu amathandizira, ziyenera kudziwika kuti m'mabvuto osiyanasiyana wina ayenera kupempha thandizo komanso mafano osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, fano la amayi a Mulungu, lotchedwa "Kuphedwa kwa Akufa", lidzakuthandizani ndi kupweteka mutu, matenda a maso, komanso kudzakhala salutary ngati mukuledzera. Chizindikiro "Choyenerera kudya" chidzakuthandizira pa matenda osiyanasiyana a moyo ndi thupi, komanso pemphero lomveka kwa iye pambuyo pa kutha kwa mlandu.

Mitundu ya zithunzi za Amayi a Mulungu

Zitha kuzindikila kuti fano liri lonse la Namwali liri ndi tanthauzo lake, lomwe lingamveke ndi mtundu wa zolemba zolemba. Mitundu inakhazikitsidwa ku Byzantium. Mwa izi, zotsatirazi zikuwonekera.

Oranta (Kupemphera)

Kotero chizindikiro cha chikhristu cha oyambirira cha Byzantine cha amayi a Mulungu chimayimiridwa, kumene chimasonyezedwa mu kukula kwathunthu kapena mpaka m'chiuno ndi manja okwezedwa, omwe amafalikira kumbali ndi mitengo ya kanjedza panja, popanda mwana. Zithunzi zofananako zinapezeka mu manda a Roma, chizindikiro cha mtunduwu chinakula kwambiri pambuyo pa zaka 843. Chofunikira chachikulu ndicho kupembedzera ndi kuyimira pakati pa amayi a Mulungu.

Palinso maonekedwe a chithunzi cha Namwaliyo ndi mwana wake Khristu mchizungulire chakuzungulira. Kujambula zithunzi za ku Russia kumatchedwa "chizindikiro". Tanthauzo la fano ndi Epiphany.

Zithunzi zolemekezeka:

• "Yaroslavl".
• "Chikho chosatha", ndi zina zotero.

Hodegetria (Guidebook)

Chizindikiro cha Byzantine cha amayi a Mulungu chinafalikira kwambiri m'dziko lonse lachikhristu pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma VI. Malinga ndi nthano, kwa nthawi yoyamba inalembedwa ndi Mlaliki Luka. Patapita kanthawi, chithunzicho chinakhala womupembedzera wa Constantinople. Choyambirira chimatayika pamene chikuzunguliridwa kwamuyaya, koma mndandanda wambiri umatsala.

Chithunzicho chimasonyeza amayi a Mulungu atagwira mwana khristu mmanja mwake. Ndi iye yemwe ali pakatikati pa zolemba. Khristu amadalitsa ndi dzanja lake lamanja, ndipo kumanzere akugwira mpukutu. Amayi a Mulungu amamuuza iye ndi dzanja lake, ngati kuti akuwonetsa njira yowona. Izi ziri tanthauzo lenileni la mafano a mtundu uwu.

Zithunzi zolemekezeka:

• "Kazan".
• "Tikhvinskaya".
• "Iverskaya" ndi ena.

Eleusa (Pemphero)

Zithunzi zofanananso zinayambanso ku Byzantium, koma zikufala kwambiri ku Russia. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, mndandanda umenewu unalembedwa pambuyo pake. Iye ali ofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Hodegetria, wachifundo chokha. Apa nkhope za khanda ndi amayi a Mulungu zimakhudzidwa. Chithunzi chimakhala chofatsa. Zimakhulupirira kuti zizindikiro za mtundu umenewu zimasonyeza chikondi cha mayi kwa mwana wake, monga maubwenzi a anthu. M'masulidwe ena, chithunzi ichi chimatchedwa "Caressing".

Zithunzi za mtundu uwu:

• "Vladimirskaya".
• "Pochaevskaya".
• "Kubwezeretsedwa kwa akufa", ndi zina zotero.

Panahrange

Zithunzi za mtundu uwu zinkawonekera ku Byzantium m'zaka za zana la XI. Iwo amaimira Amayi a Mulungu, omwe akukhala pampando wachifumu (mpando wachifumu) ndi khanda atakhala pampando wake. Zithunzi zotere za amayi a Mulungu zikuyimira ukulu wake.

Zithunzi za mtundu uwu:

• "Wolamulira".
• "All-Russian".
• "Pecherskaya".
• "Cyprus" ndi ena.

Chithunzi cha Namwaliyo "Chikondi" ("Kondwerani, Mkwatibwi Sali Wotchuka")

Chizindikiro "Chifundo", pomwe nkhope ya Namwaliyo ikuwonetsedwa popanda mwana wake, inali Seraphim wa Sarov. Anayima m'chipinda chake, asanatenthe nyali nthawi zonse, ndi mafuta omwe anadzoza ozunzikawo, ndipo adachiritsidwa. Chiyambi chake chenicheni sichikudziwika. Zimakhulupirira kuti fanolo linalembedwa m'zaka za zana la XVII. Komabe, ena amaganiza kuti chithunzicho chinawonetsedwa kwa Seraphim wa Sarov, chifukwa adali ndi ubale wapadera ndi amayi a Mulungu. Nthawi zambiri amamupulumutsa ku matenda, nthawi zambiri amawonekera m'masomphenya.

Pambuyo imfa ya mkulu, chizindikiro "Chikondi" chinaperekedwa ku Diveevo Convent. Kuchokera apo, mndandanda wazinthu zambiri walembedwa kuchokera mmenemo, ena akhala ozizwitsa.

Chithunzicho ndi chithunzi cha lamba. Mzimayiyo amalembedwa popanda mwana wamwamuna, ndipo manja ake amathyoka pachifuwa ndi mutu wake. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mafano achikondi kwambiri a Namwali, kumene akuwonetsedweratu kusanabadwe kwa Khristu, koma Mzimu Woyera utatha. Ichi ndi chithunzi chachikazi cha Amayi a Mulungu. Kodi chimathandiza bwanji? Chofunika kwambiri ndi chithunzi cha atsikana ndi amayi kuyambira zaka khumi mpaka makumi atatu. Zimakhulupirira kuti mapemphero adzakambidwa ndi nthawi yovuta yaunyamata, kusungidwa ndi ubwino ndi chiyero. Chizindikiro ichi ndi wothandizira pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa ana komanso kubadwa kwawo.

Pochaev Umboni wa amayi a Mulungu

Ichi ndi chithunzi china chotchuka cha Namwali. Iye ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha zozizwitsa zake kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo amalemekezedwa kwambiri pakati pa okhulupirira a Orthodox. Pochaev icon ili mu Holy Dormition Pochaiv Lavra, yomwe ndi malo akale a Orthodox. Chithunzicho chinaperekedwa ndi mwini malo wa malo a Anna Goiskoy mu 1597. Zisanayambe, analandira mphatsoyi kuchokera ku Greek Metropolitan Neophyte. Chithunzicho chinalembedwa kalembedwe ka Byzantine ndi kalata yamakalata. Popeza idapangidwa osachepera 300 mipukutu, yomwe idadzakhala chozizwitsa.

Chizindikiro cha Pochaev nthawi zambiri chinapulumutsa nyumba za amonke kuchokera ku zida, kuwonjezera, machiritso ambiri ndi chithandizo chawo chinachitidwa. Kuchokera apo, mapemphero operekedwa kwa fano ili, kuthandizidwa ndi zida zakunja, kuchiza mu matenda a maso.

"Kulira"

Chizindikiro "Kulira" - ndi chifaniziro cha Namwaliyo atakhala ndi maso, omwe ali ndi zaka zambiri. Chithunzi chonse chikuwonetsa chisoni cha mayi kwa mwana wake wakufa. Amayi a Mulungu amawonetsedwa paokha, ndipo palinso zithunzi ndi mwana.

Pali zolemba zambiri zolemba. Mwachitsanzo, ku Yerusalemu, mu chaputala cha Christ Uz, pali chithunzi chachikale chosonyeza kulira kwa amayi a Mulungu. Mu Russia, chithunzi chozizwitsa cha "Chisangalalo cha Onse Osauka" ndi chotchuka, chomwe chimatchuka chifukwa cha machiritso ake.

Chizindikiro "Mourner" ndi wothandizira ndi mpulumutsi pa imfa ya okondedwa, kupemphera ku chithunzi ichi kudzathandiza kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro mu moyo wosatha.

Chiyambi cha chizindikiro cha Smolensk cha Amayi a Mulungu

Chithunzichi mu mtundu wake wamakono ndi wa Hodigitria, ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiro chodziwika kwambiri. Sikudziwika bwinobwino ngati izi ndizoyambirira kapena mndandanda chabe. Ku Russia, chizindikiro cha Smolensk chinabwera mu 1046. Zinali ngati madalitso a Constantine IX Monomacha kwa mwana wamkazi wa Anna kukwatira Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich wa ku Chernigov. Mwana wa Vsevolod, Vladimir Monomakh, anasuntha chizindikiro ichi kwa Smolensk, kumene chinasungidwa mu Tchalitchi cha Dormition ya Mayi wa Mulungu, chomwe amachimanganso. Kotero fano ili liri ndi dzina lake.

Kenaka chizindikirocho chinachita zozizwitsa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, 1239 ikhoza kupha Smolensk. Panthawi imeneyo gulu lalikulu la Batu linadutsa dziko la Russia, likuyandikira mzindawo. Mwa mapemphero a anthu okhalamo, komanso ndi msilikali wa Mercury, yemwe Mngeloyo adamuwonekera m'masomphenya, Smolensk anapulumutsidwa.

Chizindikirocho chinkayenda nthawi zambiri. Mu 1398 anabweretsedwa ku Moscow ndipo anaikidwa ku Cathedral ya Annunciation komwe adakhala mpaka 1456. Chaka chino, mndandanda unalembedwa kuchokera mmenemo ndikuchoka ku Moscow, ndipo choyambiriracho chinabwereranso ku Smolensk. Kenaka fanoyo inakhala chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wa dziko la Russia.

Mwa njira, chithunzi choyambirira cha Virgin (Byzantine) chitayika pambuyo pa 1940. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, iye adagwidwa ndi lamulo mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, pambuyo pake chilango chake sichidziwika. Tsopano ku Assumption Cathedral pali chithunzi china, chomwe ndi mpukutu. Ilo linalembedwa mu 1602.

Umboni wa St. Seraphim wa Sarov

Seraphim wa Sarov ndi wochita zodabwitsa wa ku Russia amene adayambitsa nyumba ya amonke ya Diveevo ndipo kenako anakhala mtsogoleri wawo. Chizindikiro cha Mulungu iye adasindikizidwa kuyambira msinkhu, atatha kugwa kuchokera ku belu adataya matendawo atatha kupemphera asanadze chithunzi cha amayi a Mulungu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, woyerawo anali ndi masomphenya ake. Seraphim nthawi zonse ankafuna kuti azisamalire, choncho mu 1778 anavomerezedwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa nyumba za amishonale ku Sarov, ndipo mu 1786 anakhala monkiti kumeneko.

Kawirikawiri Seraphim wa Monk anawona Angelo, kamodzi pamakhala ngakhale masomphenya a Ambuye Yesu Khristu. M'tsogolomu, woyera mtima adalimbana nawo, adakhala ndi moyo wa m'chipululu. Iye adachitanso chidwi chakumenyana kwa masiku chikwi. Zambiri za zochitika za nthawi ino sizinadziwika. Patapita kanthaŵi Seraphim wa Sarov anabwerera ku nyumba ya amonke ya Sarov, chifukwa sakanatha kuyenda chifukwa cha matenda a miyendo yake. Kumeneko, mu selo yake yakale, adapitiriza pempherolo pamaso pa Mayi wa Mulungu "Chifundo."

Malingana ndi nkhani, patapita kanthaŵi amayi a Mulungu anamuuza kuti asiye kukumbukira ndikuyamba kuchiritsa mizimu yaumunthu. Analandira mphatso yakuwoneratu, komanso zozizwitsa. Mwachiwonekere, ichi ndi chifukwa chake chithunzi cha Seraphim wa Sarov ndi chofunikira kwambiri kwa wokhulupirira lerolino. Monk ankadziwa za imfa yake ndipo adakonzeratu. Anawauza ngakhale ana ake auzimu za iye. Anapezeka akupemphera pamaso pa amayi a Mulungu, omwe anali nawo moyo wake wonse. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Seraphim, zozizwa zambiri zinkachitidwa pamanda ake, mu 1903 iye anawerengedwa pakati pa oyera mtima.

Chithunzi cha Seraphim wa Sarov chiri ndi tanthauzo kwa iwo omwe ali okhumudwa. Pemphero mu chisoni lidzathandizanso. Mthupi lililonse ndi lauzimu, chizindikiro cha Monk chingathandize. Palinso lamulo la pemphero la Seraphim wa Sarov.

Umboni wa Sergiyo wa Radonezh

Sergius wa Radonezh ndi mmodzi mwa oyera mtima olemekezeka kwambiri ku Russia. Iye ndiye amene anayambitsa Utatu-Sergius Lavra. Anali nayenso abbot woyamba. Msonkhano wa Utatu wa Utatu unali wolimba kwambiri, monga Sergi wa Monk anatsindika mosamalitsa moyo wa amonke. Patapita kanthawi, chifukwa cha kusakhutira kwa ubale, adayenera kuchoka. Kumalo ena adayambitsa nyumba ya ku Russia yotchedwa Kirzhach Annunciation. Kumeneko sanakhalitse nthawi yaitali, popeza adafunsidwa kuti abwerere ku Monastre ya Utatu. Mwamsanga iye anapita kwa Mulungu mu 1392.

The wamkulu hagiographical chizindikiro cha Sergiya Radonezhskogo anapangidwa mu 1420s. Tsopano iye ndi Utatu, Sergio Lavra. Izi chivundikiro yopeta, lomwe limasonyeza anajambulapo St. Sergio, ndi kuzungulira naintini ndi zizindikilo za moyo wake.

Pakali pano, palibe mmodzi wa Radonezh mafano. Komanso pali fano umene uli Mfundo Cathedral mu Moscow. Ming'oma kunja zaka XV-XVI. The Museum of. Andrei Rublev, pali chizindikiro china nyengo.

Chifanizo cha Radonezh ndi wothandizira pa matenda aakulu ndi wauzimu, komanso pa mavuto. Fotokozani woyera, ngati kufunika kuteteza ana ku makhalidwe oipa, ndi kuti panalibe zolephera phunzirolo. Pemphero chithunzi cha St. Sergio lipindulitsa pa odzikuza. Radonezh Icon ndi kulemekezedwa kwambiri pakati pa Akhristu okhulupirira.

Chifanizo cha St. Peter ndi Fevronia

Mbiri ya moyo wa Petro ndi Fevronia wa Murom ikusonyeza mmene mukhoza kukhala wodzipereka ndi wokhulupirika kwa Ambuye, ngakhale mabanja. Banja lawo linayamba ndi chakuti mwamuna wake watsogolo Fevronija awangiswa scabs ndi zilonda thupi lake. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anamufunsa kuti amukwatire iye pambuyo mankhwala. Inde, Prince sanafune kukwatira mwana wamkazi wa achule poizoni amathamangira, koma Fevronija ndi kuyembekezera. matenda Prince adapitiriza, ndipo ngakhale ndiye adamkwatira iye. Iwo anayamba kulamulira pamodzi ndi mbiri ya anaopa.

Kumene, bolodi sipanatenge m'mbali. Anathamangitsidwa mzindawo, ndipo adafunsa kuti abwerere. Kenako analamulira mpaka pantchito, kenako kukhala wansembe. Banjalo anapempha kuti m'manda mu bokosi lamaliro ndi khoma woonda Komabe, lamulo awo sanali anaphedwa. Choncho, iwo kawiri nathamanga kuti mipingo yosiyana, koma mozizwitsa anatsirizira pamodzi.

Icon Fevronia ndi Peter ndi woyang'anira wa ukwati wachikristu. Hagiographic chifanizo cha oyera mtima, amene ali pachibwenzi 1618 chaka, tsopano Murom, mu zakale Museum wa Art. Komanso zithunzi za oyera angapezeke mu mipingo yina. Mwachitsanzo, mu Moscow Ascension kachisi ali fano la tinthu a zotsalira za.

Zizindikiro osunga

Mu Russia, pa nthawiyo panali mtundu wina wa njira - izo chikuyeza. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chizindikiro ichi anali utoto mwana Ivana Groznogo. Kuti anapulumuka kwinakwake makumi awiri anasunga mu njira iyi. Iwo anali wosungira chizindikirochi - izo ankakhulupirira kuti zifaniziro za oyera anali ogula la makanda mpaka mapeto a moyo wawo. Masiku ano, khalidwe limeneli anayambiranso. Kale wina akhoza kulamula mwana njira iyi. Tsopano ambiri pali ena ya mafano kuti ntchito zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zithunzi mwadzina, ukwati, banja, ndi anthu ena. Pakuti onsewa, mugule mogwirizana.