Malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe

Yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe - nthambi za sayansi zimene amaphunzira kusintha tonse kutentha mu kuyenda ndi mosemphanitsa. Kukhala gawo mwachilungamo yaikulu, gawo ili la Akutsatira Physics ndi lagawidwa Ndime zosiyanasiyana, monga:

1. malamulo Basic yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe.
2. Gawo kusintha ndi njira thermodynamic.
3. m'zinthu Thermodynamic ndi ena.

Ndipotu, malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe - osati monga boma, komanso postulates gwero aphunzira nthambi ya sayansi. Okwana pali atatu thermodynamic chiyambi.

Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

1. Lamulo loyamba kapena malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Choyamba, kumbukirani kuti mphamvu zonse inasamutsidwa kuchoka ku mtundu wina. Losandulizika, malinga ndi zikhalidwe za kayendedwe angathe ndi kumbuyo, mphamvu ya dongosolo sukupita kwina. Komabe, chitsanzo yosavuta pendulum, amene amapereka mathamangitsidwe, amatulutsa chikayiko pa mfundo imeneyi. Ngakhale zoyenda, ndi pendulum ali ndi mphamvu kayendedwe, ndi mfundo kwambiri matalikidwe - angathe. Theoretically, ngati kusuntha sayenera mapeto ayandikira, ndiyo kukhala wopandamalire. Zochita tikuona kuti gululi pang'ono ndi pang'ono anayamba kuchepa, ndi pendulum mabasi yake. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukana mpweya, zomwe zimabweretsa mphamvu mikangano pa gulu. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zimene ayenera kupatsa mathamangitsidwe pendulum, ntchito kuti asamavutike mpweya. Motero, kutentha kwaiye. Malinga zatsopano asayansi kuyimitsidwa ndi yozungulira kutentha limatuluka chifukwa lamulo wachisokonezo wa chinthu pendulum maselo ndi mpweya.

Ndipotu, lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi imadziwika chilamulo cha kusamala mphamvu. Kwenikweni ake ndi kuti mphamvu mu dongosolo si kutha, koma kokha otembenuka mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake, ndi kusintha mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi maganizo ofanana limafotokonzera m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. K. Moore. Iye ananena kuti mphamvu angakhoze kupita limati zina: kutentha, magetsi, zoyenda, nyese, etc. Komabe, malamulo okhazikitsidwa yekha mu 1847, Helmholtz, ndi mu zaka mazana makumi awiri ... izo wowopsa chilinganizo E = mc2 akaweruzidwa, amene ali m'gulu Einstein tanthauzo lake.

2. The lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe kapena. Aumbike mwa 1850, asayansi R. Clausius, ndi zimene ananena izi: a mkati mphamvu yogawa mwa dongosolo chatsekedwa zimasiyanasiyana mosintha kuti mphamvu zothandiza yafupika, potero kuwonjezeka mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito.

3. Chilamulo Chachitatu kapena Chilamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Podziŵa lingaliro limene kutentha ndi wachisokonezo ndi mwachisawawa kayendedwe ka maselo, izo Ndizachidziwikire kuti dongosolo kuzirala kumatanthauza kuchepetsa ntchito yawo thupi. Mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ndi ziro ngati kumene aliyense kuyenda mwachisawawa tinthu kwathunthu anasiya.

Mtengo Mtheradi wa mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ya thunthu kuchita masamu podziwa kutentha kwake pa ziro mtheradi. W. Nernst ndi maphunziro yaitali ndipo ambiri amene anapezeka kuti zipangizo zonse crystalline chimodzimodzi kutentha mphamvu: pa ziro mtheradi ndipo ndi wofanana ndi ziro. Mfundo imeneyi ndi lamulo lachitatu yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Kudziwa mfundo imeneyi, n'zotheka kuyerekeza mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito zosiyanasiyana zipangizo ndi kusintha kutentha.

Palinso otchedwa ziro malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, izo aklyuchaetsya zotsatirazi: kutentha kwa gawo mkangano wa dongosolo lakutali chimafikira kwa zinthu zonse. Choncho, pa nthawi, kutentha ndi limagwirizana mu dongosolo limodzi.

Malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe - ndicho zigawo zikuluzikulu za sayansi ya zimango. Chifukwa anapezazo wa machimo panthawi zosiyanasiyana, sayansi ndi anthu masiku ano limayenda ndi chidali chifuniro cha, makina kwambiri.

Malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe nthambi zonse za zimango.