Kuona Rutherford

Ernest Rutherford - wapadera, aluso kwambiri ndi zachilendo kwambiri wasayansi. Tikumbukenso kuti atulukira zofunika kwambiri zidalengedwa ndi Iye atalandira Nobel Prize. Mu 1911, munthu uyu anali pamoyo bwino Rutherford (choncho dzina lake Patapita), zomwe kuloledwa kufufuza mkati atomu ndi kutenga lingaliro la momwe ntchito.

Zimene ambiri anali kuchitidwa maatomu kale. maganizo awo yaikulu inali pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana kuchimwa kwa particles kusonkhanitsa mfundo zokwanira pa panali mwayi kunena mfundo za kapangidwe ka maatomu. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti lili mkati chokha ma elekitironi ndi zoipa mlandu. Komabe, ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito pa nthawi kutenga lingaliro kuti atomu ili ngati woonda ndithu mlandu gululi wodzala ndi ma elekitironi ndi mlandu negative. lachitsanzo limeneli limatchedwa "thumba ndi zoumba."

Rutherford anali amamera. mfuti Scientific anamanga omwe anapereka maganizo ndipo anatsogolera mtanda wa particles. Iye ankawoneka ngati bokosi leaden, amene anali yopapatiza anatumbula. Mkati anawaika zinthu nyukiliya. Alpha particles, amene panamveka ndi chinthu nyukiliya m'madera onse koma akhala chosakanikirana ndi nsalu yotchinga patsogolo, ndipo kupyolera mwa kagawo anaulukira kuuzidwa mosapita m'mbali tinthu mtengo. Pa ulendo wake ndiye amapereka zowonetsera ochepa a patsogolo ndi mipata amene amadula particles ndi kusiya njira yolondola. Chifukwa cha zimene anakumana Rutherford anawulukira chandamale lolunjika tinthu mtengo, chandamale paokha akuimira woonda kwambiri zitsulo zojambulazo. Ndi kugunda kwa alpha-ray.

Pambuyo Alpha particles adzawombana ndi maatomu a zojambulazo, iwo anapitiriza ulendo wawo, ndipo pamapeto pake anapezeka pa phosphor chophimba kuti anakhazikitsidwa kumbuyo chandamale. Pamene particles kumalondolera nsalu yotchinga, ndi kung'anima analemba pomwepo, pa chinthu experimenter mukhoza kuweruza bwanji ndi zimene kuchuluka kwa alpha-particles ali anapanduka malangizo molunjika za kayendedwe chifukwa kugunda ndi maatomu a zojambulazo golide.

Rutherford anali weniweni chifukwa chakuti palibe munthu pamaso pake sanayese onani, kaya particles ena anapanduka pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino zazikulu. Lachitsanzo wakale wa gululi sanalole ngakhale kukhalako kwa zinthu zina katundu ndi wandiweyani mu atomu, kuti athe kukana kudya Alpha particles pa ngodya mokwanira lalikulu.

zinachitikira Rutherford anatsogolera kuganiza kuti ambiri a misa ndi anaikira mu nkhani wandiweyani kwambiri, limene lili mu mtima wa maatomu. Mbali zina anali kwenikweni kuli wandiweyani kuposa izo zinkawoneka kale. Rutherford atomu uli pakati hyperdense, yomwe imatchedwa kuti phata, umenenso njira, mtengo zabwino anali anaikira.

Chithunzi cha maatomu, amene adatunga wasayansi, ife tsopano kale odziwika bwino. chitsanzo Rutherford kwagona kuti pakati lili phata ndi mlandu zabwino, amene anaikira lonse Unyinji wa maatomu. Nthawi zambiri, ndale atomu. Choncho, chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi mkati, komanso kuyang'anira nyukiliya, wofanana ndi mchitidwe chiwerengero mu dongosolo nthawi. Ndi bwino kuti ma elekitironi simungathe kupuma mwa atomu, monga iwo mophweka kugwera mu phata la. Iwo muziyendayenda za yemweyo mapulaneti umakhudza kuwala dzuwa.

khalidwe la gululo chimatanthauza kanthu za mphamvu Coulomb ku phata la. Maatomu ndi khola m'chigawo unexcited, iwo kupulumuka kwa kuchuluka yayitali popanda emitting mafunde aliyense mu atomu. Koma chitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu, ngakhale inatsimikizira experimentally, sindingathe kufotokoza chifukwa chake khola.