Nyukiliya zinthu - kodi ngozi?

Onse amoyo ndi zopanda moyo chikhalidwe padziko lathuli poyera kuti poizoniyu nyukiliya asanabwere yake yonse. Popewa izi ndi zosatheka.

zinthu nyukiliya angathe kupezedwa m'thupi ndi kunja - ichi makamaka chifukwa pamaso pa maziko zachilengedwe, zomwe mawonekedwe mwachibadwa zikuchitika isotopes. Iwo alipo mu nembanemba zonse za dziko lapansi: ndi mobisa, mu nthaka, mu madzi, mu mlengalenga.

Conventionally, zinthu nyukiliya zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu lalikulu:

1. Isotopes omwe anapangidwa kuchokera ureniamu-232, thorium-232 ndi 235 actinouranium.
2. zinthu nyukiliya 40 potaziyamu, calcium 48, rubidium ndi 87, kuti si chibadwa zokhudza gulu loyamba.
3. Isotopes amene anapanga pa zochita nyukiliya, anakafika mosalekeza mu dziko chifukwa kukhudzana ndi kuwala kwa dziko (mwachitsanzo, tritium, mpweya 14 3).

Nayenso zinthu zimenezi anawagawa mpweya wa poizoni zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. The achilengedwe yaitali yaitali isotopes kulili pawiri chilengedwe cha mchitidwe wa. Awo theka moyo ranges ku zana kwa zaka chikwi.

Amapanga mpweya wa poizoni chifukwa cha zochita nyukiliya kulelemba. Mwachitsanzo, pa bomba la nyukiliya kutulutsa pafupifupi 250 isotopes, chimene 225 ndi nyukiliya. isotopes izi zimachitika chifukwa cha fission nyukiliya otchedwa zigawo "katundu" ndi mankhwala anayamba kuvunda. Ntchito ya thunthu nyukiliya mwachindunji amadalira chiwerengero cha mtima kuvunda pa nthawi. Kwakukulu mtima utakhazikitsidwa, apamwamba ntchito.

Zichitike ngozi cheza kuti zamoyo kunyamula radionuclides poizoni (Ra 226, Th 228, PB 21, Ru 106, Na 22, SR 89, etc.), monga chosagawanika phata maatomu nyukiliyazo basi ndi ureniamu - i.e. gawo la mafuta nyukiliya, amene sanalowe mu fission anachita.

Anthu akhala Ngokhoza kulenga radionuclides oposa mazana awiri yokumba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya zolinga zosiyanasiyana, ndipo si mtendere kwambiri. Choncho, mphamvu ya bomba la nyukiliya ntchito mankhwala, zida, kufufuza madipoziti mchere ndi kupanga mphamvu yotchipa. Choncho kuwonjezera okwana mlingo wa poizoni okhala dziko lapansi.

Nthawi zambiri, zinthu nyukiliya mu thupi kupyolera chakudya, madzi ndi mpweya. Kuchuluka ndi kawopsedwe wa radionuclides mu chakudya anatsimikiza ndi vuto la poizoni kuti zachitika m'chigawochi.

Zomera kuyamwa cheza osati kuchokera pansi, komanso a mvula achilengedwe. radionuclides kwambiri kudziunjikira mu kabichi ndi Beets, ndipo m'pang'ono iwo ali mu udzu wamba.

Kuyeretsedwa zomera ndi wotsatira chithandizo matenthedwe zayamba amachepetsa kuchuluka cheza m'menemo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kukonza mbatata ndi Beets ndi kuchotsedwa kwa 40% wa radionuclides, ndipo pamene kuphika - 10-15%. Pamene kuphika nyama nyama zinthu nyukiliya amakhala mu msuzi (20% 50%).

Kuchepetsa zili radionuclides mu mkaka, iwo yabwino n'kukhala mafuta ndi mapuloteni limafotokoza.

ngozi cheza chiyani?

Choyamba, ngakhale mlingo yaing'ono lingachititse unyolo wa zochitika m'thupi yopita ku kuvutika majini kapena khansa. Cheza mu mlingo waukulu umawononga maselo ndipo zimakhala, kuchititsa imfa ya chamoyo. Pa mlingo ma, limagwirira lawonongeka magawano selo ndi chromosomal zida zake oletsedwa njira kasinthidwe ndi mapangidwe maselo ndi kusinthika wotsatira wa zimakhala.

The yowononga zinthu nyukiliya kanthu pa mafupa, pammero gonads, ndi ndulu - kutanthauza anthu ziwalo omwe amafunika kasinthidwe zonse maselo zimakhala.