Chovomerezeka cheza mlingo anthu

Zotsatira Chinthu pa zamoyo, zomwe si kuzindikira - cheza. Ngakhale anthu alibe zolandilira chosiyana amene anamva pamaso cheza maziko. Akatswiri ankaphunzira zotsatira cheza thanzi la munthu ndi moyo. Iwo zinalengedwa ndi zipangizo imene ntchito mukhoza atathana. zimaonetsa mlingo cheza mlingo wa poizoni muulamuliro limene munthuyo anali m'kupita kwa chaka.

Mu muyeso cheza?

The World Lonse Web, mungapeze mabuku ambiri pa cheza cha nyukiliya. Pafupifupi gwero pali tochepa malamulo cheza ndi zotsatira za owonjezera awo. Kumvetsa mayunitsi samveka simungathe mwakamodzi. Kuchuluka kwa zomwe amadziwika pazipita chovomerezeka Mlingo kwa anthu, mosavuta kusokoneza ndi munthu wodziwa. Taganizirani mfundo lonse osachepera ndi zambiri zomveka.

Kodi kuyeza mpweya cheza cha? Mndandanda wa zosintha ndi chidwi kwambiri: curie, rad, Gray, becquerel, rem - si makhalidwe yaikulu ya cheza mlingo. N'chifukwa chake anthu ambiri? Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito minda ina ya mankhwala ndi zoteteza chilengedwe. Per wagawo cheza kukhudzana ndi zinthu kutenga odzipereka mlingo - 1 Gray (Gy) 1 J / kg.

Mothandizidwa cheza pa zamoyo akukamba za mlingo ofanana. Ndi wofanana ndi mlingo odzipereka mu zimakhala thupi, zochokera unit misa, kuchulukitsa ndi chiŵerengero cha kuwonongeka. zonse ndi allocated aliyense limba ndi zovuta zake. Zotsatira akamagwira ntchito kompyuta chiwerengero cha wagawo ndi watsopano - sievert (sv).

Pamaziko a kale deta pa zotsatira pa cheza analandira kuchokera minofu limba anatsimikiza ndi zothandiza ofanana mlingo. chizindikiro ichi kuchita masamu ndi kuchulukitsa chiwerengero yoyamba sievert ndi koyefishienti amene amaganizira tilinazo osiyanasiyana a zimakhala ndi cheza. Mtengo wake wapatsidwa kupenda yankho zamoyo lake kuchuluka kwa mphamvu odzipereka.

Kodi mlingo kololeka cheza ndi pamene afika kumeneko?

Cheza chitetezo akatswiri pa maziko a deta pa zotsatira cheza thanzi la munthu apanga pazipita kololeka mfundo za mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe chosakanikirana ndi thupi popanda vuto. Zolemba malire kololeka mlingo (PDD) ali walitsa osakwatira kapena yaitali. Pankhaniyi, mfundo cheza chitetezo kuganizira makhalidwe a anthu ongoyendayenda kanthu la cheza maziko.

Kusiyanitsa mitundu ikuluikulu yotsatirayi:

• A - Anthu ntchito ndi ionizing magwero cheza. M'kupita kwa kugwira ntchito yawo ntchito ongoyendayenda cheza.
• B - kumatanthauza m'madera anthu ogwira ntchito amene ntchito si zogwirizana ndi chiphaso cha kutentha.
• Mu - chiwerengero cha anthu a dziko.

Mwa ndodo magulu awiri olemekezeka: antchito a m'dera kulamulidwa (cheza kumwa mankhwala kuposa 0,3 wa SDA pachaka), ndi ndodo amenewa zone (0,3 wa SDA si kuposa). Mkati Mlingo mitundu 4 ziwalo yovuta, i.e. anthu zimakhala amene chiwonongeko anati chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri mogwirizana ndi cheza ionized. Poganizira siyana ali wa anthu mu anthu ndi antchito, komanso ziwalo yovuta, cheza chitetezo amapereka SDA.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba malire kukhudzana kuyamba mu 1928. Kuchuluka pachaka mayamwidwe maziko cheza cha 600 mSv (mSv). Icho chinakhazikitsidwa kwa ogwira chisamaliro chaumoyo - radiologists. Kuphunzira ionizing amadza cheza kutalika ndi khalidwe la moyo malamulo wowawa. Kale mu 1956 Mzere anali kusanduka 50 mSv, ndipo mu 1996 izo utachepa 20 mSv Commission mayiko osiyanasiyana cheza Chitetezo. Dziwani kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo magalimoto Kodi kuganizira mayamwidwe zachilengedwe mphamvu ionized.

cheza zachilengedwe

Ngati inu kupewa zinthu nyukiliya ndi cheza awo akadali mwanjira zotheka, maziko zachilengedwe sadzapulumuka. Natural kukhudzana aliyense zigawo ali zizindikiro payekha. Izo nthawizonse zaka sadzakhala kutha, koma amasonkhana yekha.

mlingo zachilengedwe cheza kumatengera zifukwa zingapo:

• kutalika pamwamba pa nyanja ya chizindikiro (m'munsi, ang'onoang'ono maziko, ndi mosemphanitsa);
• nthaka kapangidwe, madzi ndi miyala;
• zifukwa yokumba (kupanga nyukiliya zomera mphamvu).

Munthu amalandira cheza kudzera chakudya, nthaka kuwala, dzuwa, pa kumupima zachipatala. magwero zina kukhudzana ndi zotsimikizira zomera, zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, malo mayesero airfields launchers.

Akatswiri akukhulupirira padzuwa ambiri abwino, zomwe si upambana mSv 0.2 pa ola limodzi. Ndipo malire chapamwamba malamulo cheza zafotokozeredwa microsieverts 0.5 pa ola limodzi. Patapita nthawi ya mosalekeza kukhudzana ionized zinthu chovomerezeka cheza mlingo kuti anthu achuluke 10 mSv / h.

Malingana ndi madokotala, moyo wake wonse munthu angalandire cheza pa mlingo wa zosaposa 100-700 mSv. Ndipotu, anthu okhala m'madera a mapiri, ongoyendayenda cheza mu lonse ikuluikulu. Avereji mayamwidwe ntchito ionized mphamvu mu chaka za 2-3 mSv.

Ndendende mmene cheza amakhudza maselo?

chiwerengero cha mankhwala ndi cheza katundu. Ndi yogwira nyukiliya fission maatomu, imbaenda ku kumasulidwa ndalama zambiri mphamvu. Mphamvu imeneyi amatha kwenikweni kukokera ma elekitironi ku maselo maatomu mankhwala. Dongosololi yokha amatchedwa ionization. Atomu, amene kakusintha ndondomeko amenewa, kusintha katundu, imbaenda kusintha dongosolo lonse la zinthu. Pakuti maatomu a molekyulu zimasandulizidwa, chifukwa mamolekyulu wa katundu onse minofu wamoyo. Ndi kukula msinkhu kukhudzana ndi chinawonjezeka ndi chiwerengero cha maselo kusinthidwa, chifukwa mu kusintha lonse. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndipo masamu kololeka cheza mlingo anthu. Mfundo yakuti amasintha maselo ndipo zidzakhudza DNA. chitetezo cha m'thupi amagwira limabwezeretsa zimakhala ndi ngakhale mphamvu yotha "kukonza" DNA kuonongeka. Koma nthawi kukhudzana kwambiri kapena akuphwasula chitetezo cha mthupi zikukwaniritsidwa matenda.

Mpaka amati mosavuta matenda zikuchitika pa mlingo ma, mu mayamwidwe yachibadwa cheza zovuta. Ngati mlingo ogwira (20 mSv pa chaka ogwira ntchito makampani) kuposa kanjedza analimbikitsa mu maulendo, thanzi akukhudzidwira yafupika kwambiri. chitetezo cha m'thupi akulephera, amene kumatanthauza chitukuko cha matenda osiyanasiyana.

Mlingo Large cheza, sipangakhalenso analandira chifukwa cha ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya kapena atomiki bomba, si nthawi zonse n'zogwirizana ndi moyo. Minofu mchikakamizo cha maselo asintha zambiri zimafa ndi alibe nthawi kuti achire, amene kumatanthauza kuphwanya ntchito kwambiri. Ngati mbali ya minofu anakhalabe, ndiye munthu amakhala ndi mpata kuti achire.

Indicators chovomerezeka Mlingo cheza

Malinga ndi cheza mfundo chitetezo anapereka pazipita kololeka zedi a ionizing cheza pa chaka. Taganizirani inatchulidwa tebulo.

Monga Tingaone pa gome, mlingo chovomerezeka pa chaka ogwira ntchito mafakitale woopsawo ndi zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi manambalawo linachokera kwa mabacteria anthu ukhondo otetezedwa. Chinthu kuti ndi mayamwidwe yaitali cheza ionizing analola thupi kulimbana ndi kuchira yake maselo popanda kuwononga thanzi.

Single Mlingo kukhudzana anthu

A kuwonjezeka kwambiri cheza maziko kumabweretsa ngozi yoopsa kwambiri zimakhala, choncho anayamba wonongeka kapena kukana matupi. Boma ovuta kumachitika kokha pamene akulandira kuchuluka yaikulu ionizing mphamvu. A owonjezera pang'ono Mlingo analimbikitsa kungayambitse matenda amene angathe kuchiritsidwa.

Kamodzi chiphaso cha wambirimbiri cheza limakhudza anthu chikhalidwe cha thupi: selo mofulumira kuwonongedwa, palibe nthawi kuti achire. Kwakukulu padzuwa, m'pamenenso pali ya zotupa za.

Chitukuko cha matenda cheza: Zoyambitsa

matenda cheza amatchedwa matenda ambiri a thupi, chifukwa cha chikoka cheza owonjezera wa SDA. Zotupa ndi kulitsatira machitidwe onse. Malinga ndi mfundo Commission la International pa Radiological Protection, ndi walitsa mlingo, kuchititsa matenda dzuwa, kuyamba ndi kuyamba ntchito ya mSv 500 pa nthawi imodzi kapena mSv oposa 150 pa chaka.

mavuto aakulu mwamphamvu mkulu (500 mSv zambiri kamodzi) tingafunse pa ntchito zida za nyukiliya kuyezetsa awo masoka zopangidwa, ndi tima walitsa mankhwala mu mankhwala a khansa, matenda enaake ophwanya ndi matenda a magazi.

Chitukuko cha matenda cheza matenda phunziro kwa madokotala amene ali mu dipatimenti ya mankhwala cheza ndi diagnostics, komanso odwala omwe nthawi zambiri pansi X-ray ndi maphunziro radionuclide.

Gawo cheza matenda, malingana ndi cheza mlingo

Matendawa ali ndi makhalidwe pamaziko a mtundu wa ionizing cheza kumwa mankhwala wodwala analandira ndi motalika bwanji izo. Single kukhudzana kumabweretsa chikhalidwe pachimake, ndipo kawirikawiri, koma zochepa chachikulu - njira aakulu.

Taonani mtundu zoyamba za matenda dzuwa, monga kulandira kukhudzana limodzi:

• cheza choipa (zosakwana 1 sv) - kusintha kusintha chidzachitidwa;
• mafupa mawonekedwe (1 mpaka 6 sv) - ali madigiri anayi, malingana mlingo analandira. Imfa ku matenda amenewa ndi oposa 50%. Anakhudzidwa maselo m'mafupa. chikhalidwe akhoza kusintha kupatsidwa zina. yaitali kuchira;
• m'mimba (10-20 sv) amakhala ndi chikhalidwe kwambiri, sepsis, m'mimba magazi;
• Mtima (20-80 sv) - anati hemodynamic chisokonezo ndi kuledzera chaukali;
• oziziritsa (80 sv) - pakatha masiku 1-3 chifukwa edema ubongo.

Chance kuchira ndi konzanso odwala ndi mafupa ndi mawonekedwe (theka). zinthu zazikulu sangathe ankachitira. Imfa amapezeka mkati mwa masiku angapo kapena masabata.

Kuchipatala matenda pachimake

Pambuyo mlingo wa poizoni analandira ndi cheza mlingo anafika 1-6 sv kukhala pachimake cheza matenda. Madokotala kugawa boma, amene atsata wina ndi mzake mwa magawo 4:

1. Pulayimale reactivity. Kumachitika mu maola choyamba pambuyo walitsa. Iwo yodziwika ndi kufooka, kuthamanga otsika magazi, kunyansidwa ndi kusanza. Walitsa kuposa 10 sv atuluka mwamsanga gawo lachitatu.
2. The zobisika nthawi. Patapita masiku 3-4 pambuyo kukhudzana ndi ku chikhalidwe mwezi umodzi bwino.
3. Kukodzedwa zizindikiro. Limodzi ndi matenda, kusowa kwa magazi, matumbo, syndrome hemorrhagic. chikhalidwe chake anali manda.
4. Kuchira.

chikhalidwe pachimake amaliona malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha chithunzi matenda. Nthawi ambiri anatumizidwa detoxification mankhwala ndi utsogoleli wa wothandizira amene n'chongoletsa zinthu nyukiliya. Ngati ndi kotheka, anachita magazi, mafupa kupatsidwa zina.

Odwala amene amakwanitsa kupulumuka woyamba masabata 12 a Inde cheza matenda pachimake, amakhala ndi madokotala ananena zawo zabwino. Koma ngakhale kubwezeretsedwa kotheratu anthu oterowo kumaonjezera ngozi ya matenda a khansa, komanso kubadwa kwa mwana ndi kuvutika chibadwa.

Matenda cheza matenda

Ndi kukhudzana zonse cheza pa mlingo m'munsi, koma choposa okwana mSv 150 pa chaka (osati kuphatikizapo moyo wachibadwa), akuyamba mawonekedwe a matenda cheza aakulu. chitukuko udzadutsa magawo atatu: mapangidwe, kuchira zotsatira zake.

Gawo loyamba chikuchitika pa zaka zingapo (mpaka 3). Kusalekerera chikhalidwe zingadziŵike kwa ofatsa kwambiri. Ngati inu analekanitsa wodwala ku malo chiphaso cheza, ndiye kuti zaka zitatu pakubwera gawo kuchira. Pambuyo pake, mwina kuchira bwino kapena M'malo mwake, ndi kupitirira mofulumira matenda oopsa.

cheza Ionized angathe kuwononga maselo mu mphindi thupi ndi aipereke unusable. N'chifukwa chake kugwilizana ndi malire a Mlingo cheza ndi muyezo zofunika ntchito woopsawo mapangidwe ndi ankakhala pafupi ndi zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndi malo mayeso.