Health ndi madzi. Khalidwe la madzi akumwa

ukhondo madzi, kukhalabe zidazo kuti muyezo - mmodzi wa mavuto lalikulu anthu akukumana nawo. Pa momwe ife kupirira izo, zimatengera moyo ndi thanzi la anthu padziko lapansi.

Madzi - zotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi pawiri achilengedwe. kutentha mphamvu amasintha nonlinearly: akafika mfundo wotsikitsitsa pa 37 ° C. Madzi ndi wochititsa osauka magetsi. Pamaso m'menemo ya mchere kumawonjezera madutsidwe ake.

Peculiarities mipweya

Pawiri mamolekyulu H ₂ O mokwanira khola kuti, osakaniza ndi katundu wapadera magetsi, kuvumbitsira zosungunulira konsekonse. N'chifukwa chake madzi nthawi zonse zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Zambiri za zinthu zokambidwa pa tebulo D. I. Mendeleeva, alipo mwa madzi achilengedwe. ntchito kunadetsa yogwira mafakitale anthu kumabweretsa maonekedwe mmenemo angapo a mankhwala zochita kupanga ndi organic, nchifukwa chake muyenera zonse kuwunika chiwerengero chawo. Chifukwa, ukhondo madzi n'kofunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ndi (kuchokera trihydric ndi zing'onozing'ono) limafotokoza zinthu zambiri zofunikira mankhwala monga H ₂ O.

Kuchuluka kwa madzi mu zamoyo

The wamkulu thupi buku la madzi ndi pafupifupi 65-70% ya misa okwana. wokhutira ndi mkulu mu zakudya. Nsomba Mwachitsanzo, akafika 85% mu nyama - 79% zipatso ndi masamba mafuta ukufika 78-97%. Ponena za kuchuluka okwana madzi m'thupi, tisaiwale kuti mlandu theka zinthu zokha buku ake poyerekeza ndi zomwe zili zonse mitsinje dziko lapansi. Munthu angathe kukhala moyo popanda chakudya kwa masiku 65-70, koma wopanda madzi ungasunge masiku ochepa. Ngati izo zimachitika imfa wofanana 6-8% ya kulemera okwana thupi, kuyambira madzi m'thupi amphamvu. Ngati zomvetsa ake zopanda 10-20% ya kulemera okwana thupi, pali choopsa pa moyo.

kuwerengetsa zizindikiro khalidwe madzi

ukhondo madzi ayesedwa malinga ndi zizindikiro zina. Malinga ndi malamulo anavomera, izo ziyenera kukhala wochezeka mankhwala awo zikuchokera ndi poyerekezera ndi mliri wa. ukhondo madzi ayesedwa pa magawo zotsatirazi: kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda momwemo parasitic matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda; ndende mu madzi mankhwala, kuphatikizapo nyukiliya; kusintha katundu otchedwa organoleptic (mtundu kupezeka, kukoma, fungo, maonekedwe a turbidity, filimu kapena thovu).

khalidwe madzi ndi zochitika

Ngati khalidwe la madzi akumwa ndi boma osauka a thanzi la anthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito izo, ndi woipa kwambiri. Malinga WHO, chaka chilichonse m'mayiko osauka, anthu masauzande ambiri amafa chifukwa cha katundu zosavomerezeka. Kufala kwa matenda m'mimba (sichigwa milandu 500 miliyoni pa chaka, zimene m'mayiko osauka komanso kuti pafupifupi 80% ya matenda) amagwirizana ndi khalidwe osauka kumwa madzi kapena kuchepa.

Tikumbukenso kuti osati ntchito madzi osauka-khalidwe mkati kungachititse matenda osiyanasiyana, komanso ntchito mu chakudya osasamba masamba amene akhala wamkulu mu minda, kuthirira poyera. Asayansi apeza kuti chiwerengero cha anthu opanda angapeze madzi abwino ndi biliyoni 1.1. Sichangozi amene waika patsogolo 10 wazaka pulogalamu umalimbana patsogolo madzi, monga vuto lonse chikhalidwe ndi thanzi inati onse.

madzi

Nkofunika kuti magwero ntchito madzi zolinga mankhwala, zosangalatsa ndi zamasewera, kusambira, komanso amatunga ili mmalire a midzi, khalidwe madzi zogwirizana ndi mfundo ukhondo. Ngati zikuchokera chilengedwe cha madzi si zogwira mtima kapena ngati gwero amakhala ndi anthropogenic kuipitsidwa kwambiri, ngakhale masiku ambiri njira kuyeretsa sangathe mutsimikizira zogwira mtima khalidwe.

Magwero a madzi anayeza pa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ukhondo, Pakati zofunika kwambiri izi: khalidwe madzi, kuonera ake opangidwa (chikhalidwe), ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso ukhondo gwero lodalirika, i.e. kukana kwake kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi munthu. Ngati ife kulankhula za centralized kumwa madzi kudalirika ukhondo wa gwero lake anatsimikiza mtima umatha kukhala khalidwe madzi pa mlingo mkulu, komanso mitengo otaya chokwanira wofunikila akubera ndi anakonza dongosolo madzi.

Magwero a madzi - ziri ngati mobisa ndi madzi mumlengalenga, ndipo madzi lotseguka. Ndi zokonda kusankha nthawi kuperekedwa kwa mobisa, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pansi. zigawo Madzi nthaka molondola kuwateteza ku kuipitsidwa pamwamba. Pamene deta kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kapena kusapezeka kwake zochokera zina madzi. Pankhaniyi patsogolo zotsatirazi (kuchokera otsika yapamwamba):

• madzi mumlengalenga;
• mitsinje, madamu ndi (a malamulo otaya);
• nyanja;
• mtsinje popanda madamu (ndi nthenda yotaya mulibe malamulo oletsa);
• pansi aquifers zimaonekera M'maso;
• akasupe ndi makiyi (Njira).

Aziona ubwino wa madzi akumwa

Mwa zikalata chachikulu pa zifukwa zimene wopereka kusanthula madzi, tisaiwale zotsatirazi:

• GOST 2761-84.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02.
• SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02.

Fotokozani mwachidule aliyense wa iwo.

GOST 2761-84

Nkhani yoyamba pa mndandanda, GOST 2761-84, limatchula mfundo yoyenera kutsata posankha madzi (padziko kapena mobisa) ntchito yobweretsa centralized madzi. chikalata ichi anasonyezanso mfundo za kuwerengera wa bacteriological, mankhwala, organoleptic ndi thupi makhalidwe a madzi. Komanso, amapereka njira processing zake mogwirizana ndi khalidwe la gwero makamaka. kusanthula madzi ayenera kusonyeza pakalibe katundu awa ndi zikuchokera, amene sangathe kuzitsogolera ku njira processing alipo zovomerezeka.

The mankhwala ali madzi, sitiyenera kutulutsa-kukoma ndi fungo, pamaso pa thovu kupangira, kusintha mtundu wa madzi. M'mawu ena, iwo sayenera kuvutika ogula makhalidwe ake ndi katundu organoleptic. Ndi ntchito chitsimikizo chadongosolo akuthamangitsa wa GOST. Madzi zitsanzo zosankhidwazi ayenera kuchitidwa mosamala kupewa kupotoza ntchito. Malinga ndi GOST, madzi sayenera kungasokoneze pa mode ukhondo (njira kudziletsa kuyeretsedwa) Madamu ndi pa thupi la munthu.

Normalization zinthu nyukiliya ndiponso mankhwala chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo madzi, pakhomo la chimayendera mfundo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mu woipa chovomerezeka (Mlingo) pamaso pa zinthu zina kulibe vuto lililonse (abwino) kwa chamoyo. Amafuna ngati imeneyi n'kofunika kuganizira zotheka zotsatirapo zokhalitsa.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01

Today chachikulu, chachikulu malangizo amene kukhazikitsa mu dziko lino malamulo a ukhondo wa madzi, ndi wachiwiri zikalata pamwamba, SanPin 2.1.4.1074-01. Otchulidwa m'menemo ponseponse zikuchokera madzi akumwa, tisaiwale, ganizirani zinthu zomwe ndi osafunika ndipo akhoza analekerera okha malire. zosakaniza kuti ayenera kupezeka m'madzi, osati ankaona m'chikalatachi. Izo ziyenera ananena kuti mfundo za ukhondo, uli m'bukuli, onsewo si muyezo madzi abwino ntchito kumwa, ndi Nawonso achichepere feduro. Iye ankaipembedza pamene pali kufunika kwa khalidwe madzi polojekiti pulogalamu yeniyeni (simenti) payipi. Ndi zikuchokera lamulo mu nkhani iyi, mfundo ya kumasukulu a dera.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1175-02

chikalata china chofunika kwambiri, malinga ndi zomwe kuwunika ukhondo madzi ndi okwanira ndi SanPin 2.1.4.1175-02. Malinga ndi iye, mu katundu ndi zikuchokera, ayenera kukumana mfundo zina, zimene zalembedwa mu tebulo ya chikalata ichi. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa SanPiN katundu wa madzi, amene kwenikweni. Nkhani zotsatirazi zizindikiro mankhwala kuzindikiridwa: youma zotsalira, pH, permanganate makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ku feteleza, chlorides ndi sulphates. Komanso, pali umboni wa okhutira zolandirika zina mankhwala zinthu pa mlingo anakonzeratu osati choposa cha Mac (pazipita kololeka ndende ya mfundo za ukhondo). Mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro izi anayeza madzi nyemba. Pakuti aliyense gwero, mndandanda wa zinthu ankalamulira ayenera kuikidwa padera. Kuyenera potengera zimene zinkachitika m'deralo, komanso zotsatira akamagwira anayendera ukhondo.

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02

SanPiN 2.1.4.1116-02 analenga zonse khalidwe la madzi akumwa mmatumba mu muli. Chizindikiro cha malamulo mwaukhondo ndi malamulo chiyani ntchito kwa zipinda zodyeramo zachipatala-tebulo ndi madzi machiritso mchere. Cholinga cha malamulo amenewa ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu dziko prepacked mkulu madzi zili zakudya zomwe ndi mulingo woyenera. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti nthawi yopanga ake ntchito yokonzekera chlorine ndi yosagwira ntchito. Ozonation ndi njira zosiyanasiyana processing thupi (mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ndi cheza dzuwa) ndi njira kwambiri zolandirika disinfection. Kuphunzira madzi anafuna zogulitsa tidzakwatulidwa unkayenera kuchita chilichonse Mlengi.

Kodi padzakhala madzi okwanira kwa anthu

Mfundo madzi ntchito kumwa, mosalekeza chifukwa kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe, anaona chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, komanso mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa sayansi. Kukumana kusintha, zida bwino njira zamakono ntchito ayeretsedwa ndi madzi. ntchito munthu, mmodzi aliyense wa ife, ndi kuti ntchito phindu, ngakhale kuononga topezeka m'madzi.

Kumbukirani kuti pawiri ndi chilinganizo H2O ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za lathuli. N'zovuta kulingalira chomwe chikanati chidzachitike kwa iye ngati madzi wapita kapena ayi ikuchitika ukhondo wake. kumwa madzi n'kofunika kwa munthu. Iwo ayenera kumwa tsiku ndalama pafupifupi 1.7 malita. Pakuti kuphika, kuchapa ndi zosowa zina tsiku aliyense wa ife chofunika nthawi 20 kuchuluka kwake. Kuopseza kutha kwa madzi yofunika athu akumwa panopa nditamva. zamoyo zonse amadwala kuipitsa madzi. Zimakhala zamoyo zosafunikira. M'pofunika kupewa zoopsa kuipitsa madzi, kuchepetsa voliyumu ake padzikoli.