Bomba la atomiki: choipa chonse padziko lonse kapena nkhondo yapadziko lonse?

Mbiri ya zida za atomiki imayamba ndi zomwe anapeza kuchokera kwa J. Curie mu 1939. Ndiye asayansi anazindikira kuti kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zina zingaperekedwe ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu zopanda malire. Pambuyo pake, izi zinapanga maziko a zida za nyukiliya.

Bomba la atomiki ndi chida cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Pakuphulika kwake, mphamvu zambiri zimatulutsidwa mu danga laling'ono, lomwe, poyerekeza pansi, limayambitsa chisokonezo.

Zowononga za zida za nyukiliya: kuwopsya kwakukulu, mphamvu zowonjezera, kuwala, kutuluka kwa dzuwa, komanso mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Bomba la atomiki limapangidwa pamaziko a plutonium. Uranium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Bomba loyamba la atomiki linalengedwa ndi kuyesedwa ndi Achimereka pa July 16, 1945 m'tawuni ya Almogordo. Izi zasonyeza dziko lonse mphamvu zamphamvu za nyukiliya. Kenako, mu August chaka chomwecho, zida zatsopano zinagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi anthu wamba ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Mizinda ya ku Japan inachotsedwa pa dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo anthu omwe anapulumuka mabombawo anafa chifukwa cha matenda a radiation. Imfa yawo inali yopweteka komanso yaitali. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo za nyukiliya za ku United States sizinapangidwe kwambiri ndi mphamvu za usilikali monga cholinga choopseza USSR ndi zida zatsopano. Ndipotu, ichi chinali chiyambi cha Cold War ndi mtundu wa nkhondo.

Stalin anamvetsetsa molondola mawuwo, koma sanalekerere. Mphamvu zonse za dzikoli zinaponyedwa kuti zikhazikitse "mayendedwe ofanana" - zida za nyukiliya za Soviet. Kuti apite patsogolo, komiti yapadera inakhazikitsidwa motsogoleredwa ndi L. Beria, omwe anali ndi zinthu monga sayansi monga I. Kurchatov, P. Kapitsa ndi A. Ioffe. Malemba achijeremani omwe anagwidwa pamakampani apamwamba a uranium a ku Bulgaria anathandiza kuti ntchitoyi ikhale ndi mafuta a nyukiliya, ndipo nzeru zamakono za nyukiliya za ku United States zinayamba kufulumira kwambiri.

Mfundo zomwe USSR ikuchita pokhala ndi bomba la atomiki, zinachititsa kuti akuluakulu a boma a United States afune kuthetsa nkhondo yowononga. Pachifukwa ichi, ndondomeko ya Troyan inakhazikitsidwa, malinga ndi zomwe ntchito za usilikali zinakonzedwa pa January 1, 1950. Pa nthawi imeneyo, United States inali nayo mabomba okwana nyukiliya 300. Ndondomeko yopereka chiwonongeko cha mizinda makumi asanu ndi iwiri yayikulu kwambiri ya Soviet.

Komabe, Soviet Union inachotsa otsutsawo. Mu 1949, pa August 29, bomba la atomiki la USSR linayesedwa bwino pa sitepi yoyesera pafupi ndi Semipalatinsk. Chombo, chotchulidwa ndi code "RDS-1", chinawonongedwa nthawi ya 7 koloko. Dziko lonse linadziwitsidwa za chochitika ichi. Mayesero opambana a zida za nyukiliya mu 1949 anakonza zolinga zowonongedwa ndi a ku America pa Soviet Union chifukwa cha kuopsezedwa kwa kubwezera chilango. Ndipotu, Soviet Union tsopano inali ndi bomba la atomiki, lomwe limathetsa "atomiki yodzimvera" ya United States. Cold, yogwira ntchito yatsopano ya Cold War inayamba.

Bomba la nyukiliya la Soviet linali ndi makilogalamu 22 okha. Tsopano, zipangizo zamakono zamakono zonyamulira zanyamulira zimanyamula megatoni ya mphamvu zowononga. Anthu adalenga zida zowonongeka koposa, koma kupezeka kwa zida zoterezi kumapangitsa kuti nkhondo zisinthe.