MPP: chinthu, lingaliro, mfundo. Modern malamulo adziko lonse payekha

Pafupifupi 200 zamalamulo alipo mu dziko chiyambi cha mapangidwe malamulo payekha pa mlingo lonse. Aliyense wa iwo akuchita ntchito zake kwayekha ndi malamulo ena kuti malamulowo, kwenikweni, yemweyo anzathu. Koma nthawi zambiri, anayamba uka kufunika ufulu zina mphamvu anali chifukwa chachikulu kulenga dongosolo la malamulo apadera kuti kuganizira chikhalidwe mayiko ukwati.

Chikhalidwe ndi nkhani za malamulo payekha lonse

MPP ndi zovuta, zomwe zimabweretsa pamodzi ndi zogwirizana chimango malamulo miyezo ya boma, komanso mgwirizano ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, malamulo a asapita katundu kapena dongosolo ndi chikhalidwe cha mavuto awo chimodzi mchitidwe zina za malamulo m'dzikolo.

Chofunika, ndi MPP (mutu ndi njira iyo) ali ndi udindo wapadera mu dongosolo chonse malamulo, kuyambira mitundu ya palokha kwathunthu nthambi ya malamulo. Ubwenzi olamulidwa ndi malamulo a za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, sulingana ulamuliro wa khalidwe linalake, zomwe zikutsimikizira apadera mtheradi.

MPP imalongosola chinthu wotumikirapo lamulo ubale malamulo pakati pa nzika za chikhalidwe yothandiza maubwenzi amenewa "akunja" kununkhira. Choncho, kapangidwe umaimiridwa ndi lamulo mseri zimathandiza kulamulira kudzera mogwirizana mabungwe mbiri anapanga kuti ndi maofesi enieni yophunzitsa payekha payekha (boma, ntchito kapena banja).

sayansi MPP

Masiku ovuta maganizo sayansi ndi nzeru m'njira zodabwitsa chikhalidwe ndi "akunja" ndi yoyenera kulocha masiku sayansi, sipangakhalenso zimagawidwa m'magulu ambiri ndipo wapadera mbali, komanso Civil Code kumaphatikizapo khalidwe lonse.

Choncho, gawo wamba limapangidwa kuphunzira magwero MPP amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri lolingana malangizo, mawu, mfundo yogwira amene anafotokoza pansipa ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera pa mbali zonse za sayansi mu funso pazikhalanso familiarization ndi udindo malamulo a nzika za malamulo mgwirizano yapachiweniweni zovuta kum'chitira achilendo, ndipo, ndithudi, ndi boma, lomwe ndi nkhani yapadera ya zinthu zimenezi. Komanso, sayansi amaona anthu ena akunja onse malamulo ndi thupi, kuthetsa mavuto a chilamulo payekha lonse.

Mbali yapadera lili akuphatikizapo angapo zigawo:

• umwini;
• mayendedwe a khalidwe ndi mayiko;
• mogwirizana kwa kukhazikitsa ntchito zowerengera;
• maubwenzi ndi dongosolo lenileni banja;
• nzeru katundu;
• kuthetsa kusagwirizana ndi zokhudza madalitso;
• ntchito ubale ndi ndondomeko yapachiweniweni lathu lonse.

mfundo za SPE

Amafotokozera wamba mu kapangidwe ka ufulu ndi mfundo zina. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti axiom izi mofanana anafotokoza kuti malamulo pa mlingo onse mitundu ndi mayiko. Kutitsogolera mfundo, zomwe zili za SPE (nkhani ndi mfundo akuti, onani pamwamba), chikhalidwe chake ndi cholinga, kupanga njira kwa chikusintha lamulo, ali m'magulu malinga m'magulu awiri: onse mfundo ndi wapadera.

Gulu loyamba limapangidwa zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Mfundo ulamuliro mtundu wa chikhalidwe wapadera wa ubale ndi mchitidwe wa boma lina.
• Mfundo za nkhondo ya lamulo ubale izi.
• Mfundo ntchito kungakupatseni a boma yachilendo malinga ndi malamulo nkhondo malamulo.
• optionality mfundo (kudziyimira pawokha aliyense wa zipani).
• Mfundo kudzitengera ntchito ya nkhondo imodzi ya malamulo malamulo.
• Mfundo yofunika mtheradi wa malamulo mayiko anagwirizana pamaso ponseponse mfundo ya malamulo a dziko.

Special payekha mfundo chilamulo

Kuthetsa mavuto ena m'dera ankaona anthu chibadwidwe malamulo payekha mayiko zambiri kutsogoleredwa ndi mfundo zenizeni zomwe ndi zofunika nkhondo mfundo za malamulo, zomwe mokwanira anazindikira mwa chiphunzitso cha MPP ndi enshrined mu malamulo monga Tinganene. Komanso, nthawi zambiri ntchito mu kuchita, ngakhale kukachitika kuti mawu onena mwachindunji mu malamulo pa nkhani imeneyi ikusowa. Kotero, m'modzi wa mfundo yaikulu ya nkhondo monga:

• mbendera mfundo (asapita za ophimba mayiko).
• mfundo za chinthu malo enieni (chuma cha munthu wina (gulu la anthu)).
• Malo mfundo zoipa.
• Mfundo malo a ntchito yapadera (lamulo ubale ntchito ndi chinthu china boma).
• malo mfundo chapakati wojambula za ndikupeleka makamaka.
• Mfundo kasamalidwe kupatulapo chilamulo china asapita kukopera (za kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wolemba).
• Mfundo osaphatikiza ntchito ya malamulo procedural chiyambi yachilendo.

NKHANI normative gawo MPP

Lingaliro la PIL ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo zake zazikulu zimatsatira pali kasamalidwe koyenera malamulo. Choncho, normative mbali ya MPP mpaka nkhondo, substantive ndi malamulo procedural. Gulu loyamba ndi machitidwe kutsogolera monga cholinga chachikulu cha IPL ndi chigamulocho ndipo Kupha mikangano malamulo malamulo a nyumba ziwiri. malamulo nkhondo kudziwa boma, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe ali oyenerera pankhani inayake, malinga ndi mfundo magwero zotsatirazi: malamulo pa mlingo dziko Mgwirizano wa mayiko, dongosolo limene pali nkhondo miyezo logwirizana.

Gawo lachiwiri la MPP wa (zinthu, mfundo ndi mfundo zafotokozedwa pamwambapa) monga zotsatira mwachindunji malamulo amene amalamulira mgwirizano wa mayiko boma. Choncho, malamulo substantive wa onse mitundu ndi mayiko chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu lamulo la ubale payekha ndi mchitidwe wa malamulo a boma lina.

magwero a PIL

Masiku ano, mabuku ano amapereka classifications osiyanasiyana pa mitundu ya chionetsero chifuniro cha boma, lomwe likuyenera kuchita ndi kuzindikira mtheradi kuli gulu chotero monga ufulu wa munthu, komanso chilengedwe kapena kusintha structural (owonjezera kapena exclusions kufunika kwa chinthu makamaka). Malinga ndi gulu ambiri zigawo zotsatirazi muli akasupe a chilamulo:

• Mgwirizanowu lonse kuti akhoza anatengera mu mawonekedwe a convection, pangano kapena mgwirizano.
• Malamulo a chikhalidwe (kapena lamulo linalake, anapanga pa mlingo yoyenera).
• Ena mwambo (ulamuliro osalembedwa, mmene makamaka kubwereza pafupipafupi ndi umene anthu zambiri loyang'anizana). Pali miyambo ya malonda kapena navigation malonda, dziko kapena chikhalidwe chawo.
• Judicial zachilendo (ndi mtundu osadalira pa MPP ndi limanenedwa ngati magwero malamulo, mokakamizidwa kuwerenga za ziwiya zina ndi zinthu za chikhalidwe ichi).

ntchito IPL

The payekha malamulo ano mayiko alipo kubweretsa ubale kupitirira ulamuliro wa boma kuti mtheradi. Cholinga njira zimatheka ndi kuthetsa mavuto ena amene amakhala wiritsani pansi ku ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Kutsata ntchito ndi chithunzi chooneka bwino cha ambiri amavomereza mfundo iliyonse boma khalidwe kudzera malamulo MPP.
• ntchito zolimbana limakupatsani kulenga dongosolo la malamulo zosiyanasiyana ubale minda payekha aliyense boma.
• ntchito Security akutumikira monga chida cha mtima wa onse States mu njira ya mphamvu kuti moyo motsogozedwa ndi udindo padziko lonse kudzera kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo zogwirizana wa MPP.
• Watchdog ntchito amapereka kungakupatseni boma kutetezedwa kwa ufulu ndi zofuna yovomerezeka nzika ubale malamulo payekha.

kulamulira njira mu MPP

Lingaliro, limatchula ndi phunziro la malamulo payekha lonse, kumene, pa mlingo lonse ndi maganizo awo. njira Komabe, bwino anapanga walola kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino zotsatira za IPL pa chisankho chomaliza cha ichi kapena mkhalidwe umenewo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti maudindo osiyana kwambiri kwa akatswiri mu mawu a magwero ndi kudziwa mfundo IPL kutsutsana pa nkhani ya maganizo pa njira mapangidwe. Asayansi kukangana ngati pali kuthekera njira zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri kuvomereza okha njira wamkulu MCHP - kuthetsa mikangano. Njira yamasika imayendetsedwa ndi kanjedza monga VP Zvekov ndi GK Dmitrieva.

Palinso maganizo kuti lidzigwira ntchito za gulu la chidziwitso chifukwa kasamalidwe yogwira zinthu ziwiri pansi pa kuganizira: collisional malamulo ndi substantive. Tikumbukenso kuti asayansi kuchokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana anatulukira ambiri siyana zofanana, mwachoncho, angapo a iwo apeza kuvomereza lonse m'dziko lapansi. Zitsanzo zoonekeratu njira zimenezi ndi kudziyimira pawokha chifuniro ndi kugwirizana kwa lamulo.

Zokonza dongosolo MPP

Lingaliro kumafuna MPP lolingana normative kulungamitsidwa. Choncho, malamulo ofanana zovuta payekha mayiko zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana magwero ake, chikhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka malamulo. A mbali yapadera ya zovuta izi ndi zinthu zapadera, womwenso lamulo pa lamulo payekha lonse. Iye analandira pafupifupi m'mayiko onse (Poland, Hungary, Belgium, Venezuela, Tunisia ndi zina zotero). Nkofunika kudziwa kuti mapangidwe chikalatacho, monga ulamuliro, maziko angapo mfundo malinga zili structuring:

• The amachita gawo loyamba ndi lingaliro ambiri (chofunika, nkhani ya malamulo payekha lonse, magwero ake ndi njira).
• Chigawo chachiwiri kuphunzira mbali normative wa MPP. Choncho, kutchula mfundo zina mwina chimatanthauza lamulo lofunika muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za maubale.
• Chigawo chomaliza imakhala ndi chakudya Transitional ndi womaliza wa kutumikira mapeto enieni m'nkhani kwa bukuli.

mavuto yamakono ya MPP

Kumene, mitundu yonse ya malamulo payekha lonse zikusonyeza kuti kuli mavuto ena mu nthawi ya kuphunzira ndi ntchito zina za gulu. Lodziwika Mwa awa ndi funso la codification wa IPL. Kuyenera anatsindika, ndipo vuto la kugwirizana kwa malamulo payekha lamulo mogwirizana chikhalidwe chifukwa cha lamulo la boma la padziko lonse chikhalidwe ndi chinthu choyamba mu ulamuliro wa ubale malamulo payekha kofanana. Nayenso otsiriza osankhidwa ndi chapakati chilinganizo chiŵerengero cha malamulo a dziko lonse anthu anazindikira kuti udindo yachiwiri "chiyambi mtheradi".

Aliyense akudziwa kuti lero kudalirana amakhudza mbali zonse za moyo, popanda yekha. Choncho, zimangochitika zokha kuti lamulo normative ndi amatheka kuwonjezapo zonse ndi kusintha, kulola pang'onopang'ono kubwera pafupi ndi chithunzi abwino. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti ndi malamulo adziko lonse umamumvera vuto amphamvu a pasukuluyi, sipangakhalenso anafotokoza ndi ntchito lapansi akatswiri pothetsa mavuto enieni.

MPP lero

zikuchitika masiku ano chitukuko cha chilamulo payekha mayiko anapanga malinga ndi ndondomeko ya pazachuma lonse ndi internationalization a anzathu, ndipo amatchedwa kudalirana. Motero, popanda lamulo woyenera sangathe kuponyedwa mogwirizana mtheradi zofuna za chikhalidwe chuma payekha, kupanga dongosolo la opindulitsa kwambiri chifukwa cha mgwirizano onsewo, komanso kwambiri kukuza kuchuluka dziko la ufulu pa mlingo payekha. Motero, anthu masiku ano amamuchititsa kunadetsa kusintha mbali anthu a chilamulo payekha lonse. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza inu bungwe MPP chitetezo ufulu wa anthu mtheradi mu dera la banja, ntchito kapena malamulo boma, lomwe limathandiza kumvetsa bwino pakati pa nzika za moyo, mapangidwe mtendere ndi kumvana. Ndithudi, izi ndi mwayi mtheradi osati mawu a malangizo ankaona, komanso mbali iliyonse ya dziko ano.