Electrolytes: zitsanzo. Kapangidwe ndi katundu wa electrolytes. Amphamvu ndi ofooka electrolytes

Electrolytes ndi mankhwala kuyambira nthawi zakale. Komabe, m'madera ambiri a ntchito yawo, iwo anapambana posachedwapa. Tikambirana zoyambirira kwa mafakitale ntchito zinthu zimenezi ndipo ife adzazindikira kuti kale komanso kukhala amasiyana Chrixitu. Koma ife kuyamba ndi MPATUKO mu mbiri.

nkhani

The chakale kwambiri electrolytes - salt ndi zidulo ndi lotseguka ngakhale mu dziko wakale. Komabe, mokwana za kapangidwe ndi katundu wa electrolytes zayambika pa nthawi. Chiphunzitso njira izi zayambika kuyambira 1880, pamene iye anapangidwa angapo atulukira, mfundo zokhudzana ndi katundu wa electrolyte lapansi. Panali angapo kwadzidzidzi leaps mu ziphunzitso kufotokoza njira ya mogwirizana kwa electrolytes ndi madzi (Ndipotu yekha mu njira iwo kukhala ndi katundu kuti ntchito zawo makampani).

Tsopano tiona ndendende maganizo angapo amene anali kowonekera kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mfundo za electrolytes ndi katundu wawo. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi chiphunzitso ambiri ndi yosavuta, kuti aliyense wa ife anatenga kusukulu.

Arrhenius chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic

Mu 1887 ndi Swedish sayansi Svante Arrhenius ndi Chirasha German sayansi Wilhelm Ostwald anayamba chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic. Komabe, apa, nawonso, si mophweka. Arrhenius unali kutsatira otchedwa chiphunzitso thupi njira zomwe kuganizira mogwirizana zigawo zikuluzikulu za mankhwala ndi madzi nadzinenera kuti pali ufulu particles mlandu (ayoni) mu njira. Mwa njira, ku malo oterowo lero akuganiza dissociation electrolytic sukulu.

Timanena onse yomweyo imene imapangitsa chiphunzitso ndi momwe akufotokoza limagwirira wa mogwirizana kwa zinthu ndi madzi. Monga ndi ntchito ina iliyonse, iwo ali postulates angapo kuti amagwiritsa:

1. zimene madzi ndi chinthu limaphwasuka kusandulika mu ayoni (zabwino - ndi zoipa cation - anion). particles izi zagonjetsedwa kwa hydration amakopeka mamolekyulu madzi amene, poyamba, wapatsidwa pa dzanja limodzi zabwino ndi pa zina - zoipa (dipole anapanga) kupanga Aqua maofesi (solvates).

2. The ndondomeko dissociation ndi kusintha - i.e. ngati thunthu ndi unagawika ayoni, mchikakamizo cha chinthu chilichonse, izo akhalenso gwero.

3. Ngati maelekitirodi Lumikizani njira ndi tiyeni pano, ndi cations adzayamba kusuntha kwa elekitirodi zoipa - ndi cathode ndi anions kwa ndithu mlandu - anode. N'chifukwa chake zinthu ndi mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi, mmene magetsi kuposa madzi yokha. Chifukwa chomwecho chimene iwo amatchedwa electrolytes.

4. The mlingo wa dissociation wa electrolyte amadziwika kuchuluka thunthu pansi kuvunda. mlingo Izi zimadalira zosungunulira ndi katundu wa solute, ndi ndende ya yotsirizira ndi kutentha kunja.

Pano kwenikweni, ndipo mfundo zonse zoyambirira za chiphunzitso imeneyi. Iwo tidzagwiritsa ntchito m'nkhani ino lofotokoza zimene zikuchitika mu njira electrolyte. Zitsanzo za mankhwala awa Tiyeni tione patapita kanthawi, ndipo tsopano tiyeni tikambirane chiphunzitso china.

Chiphunzitso zidulo ndi Lewis zapansi

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha dissociation electrolytic, asidi - chinthu pano mu njira amene haidrojeni cation ndi tsinde - pawiri amaola mu njira yothetsera anion hydroxide. Pali chiphunzitso china, dzina lake pambuyo sayansi wotchuka Gilbert Lewis. Timatha inu kuwonjezera mfundo zidulo zingapo ndi zapansi. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso Lewis, asidi - ndi ayoni kapena mamolekyulu zinthu kuti ufulu elekitironi orbitals ndipo amatha kuvomereza ndi elekitironi ku molekyulu wina. Easy kuti ndikuganiza kuti zapansi adzakhala amene particles kuti angathe kupereka chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa ma elekitironi ake kuti "ntchito" acid. N'zochititsa chidwi pano asidi kapena m'munsi kungakhale osati electrolyte komanso chinthu chilichonse kuti ngakhale insoluble m'madzi.

Protolytic chiphunzitso Brendsteda Lowry

Mu 1923, payekhapayekha mzake, asayansi awiri - J. ndi T. Lowry Bronsted -predlozhili chiphunzitso lomwe tsopano mwakhama ntchito ndi asayansi kufotokoza njira mankhwala. Mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi kuti dissociation tanthauzo utabwera ndi kutengerapo purotoni patsinde acid. Choncho, iwowa amamvedwa pano monga purotoni acceptor. Ndiye asidi ndi mwiniwake awo. chiphunzitso Ikufotokozanso kuli zinthu zabwino kuti aonetse katundu ndi zidulo ndi zapansi. mankhwala amatchedwa amphoteric. Chiphunzitso Bronsted-Lowry kwa nthawi yawo imagwiranso ampholytes, pamene asidi kapena m'munsi amangoti dzina protoliths.

Tafika pa gawo la pafupi. Apa ife tikuonetserani chimene osiyana amphamvu ndi ofooka electrolytes ndipo kambiranani zotsatira za zinthu zina pa katundu wawo. Ndiyeno chitani za ntchito zawo zothandiza.

Amphamvu ndi ofooka electrolytes

Aliyense mankhwala amachitira ndi madzi wokha. Ena kuyimisa nchito bwino (mwachitsanzo, sodium mankhwala enaake), ndipo ena alibe kupasuka (mwachitsanzo, choko). Choncho, zinthu zonse anawagawa electrolytes amphamvu ndi ofooka. Yotsirizira ndi zinthu kucheza bwino ndi madzi ndipo anamuika pansi pa njira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo amakhala otsika kwambiri a dissociation ndi nsinga mkulu mphamvu, amene amalola molekyulu apasuke mu chigawo ayoni yake pansi pa zikhalidwe zachilendo. Dissociation electrolytes ofooka amapezeka kapena pang'onopang'ono kapena kuwonjezera kutentha ndi ndende ya thunthu mu njira.

Kunena za electrolyte amphamvu. Zikuphatikizapo salt sungunuka zonse, komanso zidulo amphamvu ndi alkalis. Ndi wosavuta kuphwanyaphwanya mu ayoni ndi zovuta kusonkhanitsa iwo mu mvula. Panopa mu electrolyte ndi ankakwana ikuchitika kuyamika ayoni ali mu njira. Choncho, zabwino conductive electrolytes amphamvu. Zitsanzo za iwowa: zidulo amphamvu, alkalis, sungunuka mchere.

Zinthu zokhudza khalidwe la electrolytes

Tsopano yang'anani mmene kusintha amakhudza malo kunja pa katundu zinthu. ndende likukhudza mlingo wa dissociation wa electrolyte lapansi. Ndiponso, ubwenzi umenewu tingasonyezere mwamasamu. Lamulo chinafotokozanso uyu, anayitanidwa lamulo la dilution wa Ostwald ndipo analembedwa: a = (K / c) 1/2. Pano, - ndi digiri ya dissociation (unatenga kachigawo a), K - dissociation zonse zosiyana kwa wina ndi mankhwala, ndi - ndi electrolyte ndende mu njira. Malinga ndi chilinganizo, mukhoza kuphunzira zambiri za nkhaniyi ndi makhalidwe ake mu njira.

Koma ife achoka m'gulu nkhaniyi. ndende Komanso pa mlingo wa dissociation wa electrolyte nawonso amakhudza kutentha. Pakuti zinthu zambiri kuwonjezera izo kumawonjezera solubility ndi reactivity. Izi angauze pakutchulidwa mosiyanasiyana lokha pa kutentha okwera. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, mwina pang'onopang'ono, kapena mbali zonse (ndondomeko iyi akutchedwa kusintha).

Takambiranazi zimene kudziwa makhalidwe a dongosolo monga njira electrolyte. Tsopano ife tichoke ku angagwiritsire ntchito imeneyi, popanda kukaika zofunika kwambiri zinthu mankhwala.

ntchito mafakitale

Kumene, aliyense wamva mawu "electrolyte" onena za mabatire a. Galimoto ntchito mabatire kutsogolera-asidi, ndi electrolyte imene imagwira ntchito ya asidi 40 peresenti sulfuric. Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake ali mukufunika ndi zinthu zofunika kuti tizindikire mbali ya batire la.

Nanga mfundo za machitidwe a batire iliyonse? Mu anachita kusintha imene inadzachitika kutembenuka kwa mmodzi mwa wina, chifukwa cha zomwe ma elekitironi potuluka m'ndende. Pamene mogwirizana batire mlandu kumachitika zinthu, zomwe n'zosatheka m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Izi zikhoza ankayimiridwa ngati kudzikundikira mphamvu m'nkhaniyo chifukwa cha mankhwala anachita. Pamene lililonse kusintha n'zosiyana akuyamba, kuchepetsa dongosolo kwa boma koyamba. njira ziwiri izi palimodzi zimapanga munthu woyang'anira-kumaliseche mkombero.

Taganizirani ndondomeko tatchulazi ndi yeniyeni Mwachitsanzo - batire kutsogolera-acid. Monga n'zosavuta ndikuganiza, gwero panopa tichipeza amafotokozera ndi chikukhudza ndi kutsogolera (diokisd otsogolera PbO ₂₎ acid ndi. batire iliyonse imakhala maelekitirodi ndi danga pakati pa iwo anadzazidwa ndi chabe electrolyte lapansi. Monga inawo, monga taonera, muchisanzo chimenechi amagwiritsa sulfuric asidi ndende ya 40 peresenti. The cathode a batire anapangidwa kuchokera woipa kutsogolera anode wapangidwa wa kutsogolera koyera. Zonsezi chifukwa izi maelekitirodi awiri osiyana zimachitika zochita kusintha yokhudza ayoni kuti ndi asidi dissociated:

1. PbO ₂ + CHONCHO ₄ ^{2- + 4H + + 2e - =} PbSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O (zimene zikuchitika pa elekitirodi zoipa - cathode).
2. PB + CHONCHO ₄ ^{2- -} 2e - = PbSO ₄ (zimene zikuchitika pa elekitirodi zabwino - ndi anode).

Ngati mukuwerenga zimene kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja - kupeza njira zikuchitika pa kumaliseche batire, ndipo ngati chabwino - pa mlandu wake. Aliyense mankhwala panopa gwero mosiyanasiyana ndi yosiyana, koma limagwirira wa asayembekezere ambiri akulongosola chomwecho: pali njira ziwiri, mmodzi amene ma elekitironi ndi "odzipereka" ndi zina, Tikawonetsetsa, "pitani." Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi odzipereka zofanana ndi chiwerengero lofalitsidwa.

Kwenikweni, kupatula mabatire, pali ntchito zosiyanasiyana zinthu zimenezi. Ambiri, electrolytes zitsanzo za zimene takupatsani, - yekha mbewu za zosiyanasiyana zinthu ogwirizana pansi mawu. Iwo anazungulira kulikonse, paliponse. Mwachitsanzo, thupi la munthu. Kodi mukuganiza palibe zinthu zina? zolakwika kwambiri. Zili kulikonse mwa ife ndipo zimapanga chiwerengero chachikulu cha electrolytes magazi. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, ayoni chitsulo, zomwe zili mbali ya hemoglobin ndipo amathandiza zoyendera mpweya kwa zimakhala za thupi lathu. electrolytes magazi komanso kugwira ntchito yaikulu mu lamulo bwino madzi mchere ndi ntchito za mtima. nchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi ayoni potaziyamu ndi sodium wochuluka (pali ngakhale ndondomeko imene amapezeka maselo amene dzina lake potaziyamu-ndi sodium mpope).

chinthu chilichonse kuti mungathe kupasuka osachepera pang'ono - electrolytes. Ndipo palibe makampani ndi miyoyo yathu, kulikonse kumene chagwiritsidwa. Sizoti mabatire mu magalimoto ndi mabatire. Kodi aliyense mankhwala ndi chakudya processing, mafakitale asilikali, mafakitale chovala ndi zina zotero.

The electrolyte zikuchokera, ndi njira, ndi zosiyana. Choncho n'zotheka kuonetsetsa asidi ndi zamchere electrolyte. Akusiyana wachibadidwe katundu wawo: monga tanena kale, zidulo ndi othandizira ndalama purotoni, ndi soda - acceptors. Koma pa nthawi ya kusintha electrolyte zikuchokera chifukwa imfa ya mbali ya thunthu ndende kapena amachepetsa kapena ukuwonjezeka (izo zonse zimadalira zimene atayika, madzi kapena electrolyte).

Tsiku lililonse timakumana nawo, koma anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa ndendende tanthauzo la mawu monga electrolytes. Zitsanzo za zinthu zenizeni tinakambirana, kotero tiyeni kusamukira mfundo pang'ono zovuta zambiri.

The thupi katundu wa electrolytes

Tsopano za sayansi. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kumvetsa mu kuphunzira nkhaniyi - panopa wadutsa kuti electrolytes lapansi. Yofunika mbali iyi ankaimba ndi ayoni a. particles izi mlandu mwina amasamukira kuchokera mbali ina ya mtengo njira mzake. Choncho, anions amakonda nthawi zonse kwa elekitirodi zabwino ndi cations - kwa negative. Choncho, mwa kuchita pa magetsi njira panopa, ife kugawanitsa milandu pa zomenyanazo wa dongosolo.

makhalidwe chidwi kwambiri thupi monga osalimba. Zingamvekere katundu ambiri mankhwala wathu kukambidwa. Ndipo nthawi pops funso: "Kodi kuonjezera osalimba a electrolyte ndi" Ndipotu, yankho lake ndi losavuta: m'pofunika madzi zili njira kuchepetsa. Popeza kachulukidwe wa electrolyte makamaka anatsimikiza kachulukidwe asidi ndi sulfuric, kwakukulukulu zimadalira ndende komaliza. Pali njira ziwiri kukhazikitsa dongosolo. Woyamba ndi losavuta: Wiritsani electrolyte ali batire la. Kuti tichite zimenezi, muyenera mlandu kotero kuti kutentha mkati ananyamuka pang'ono kuposa madigiri zana Celsius. Ngati njira imeneyi sachiza, osadandaula, pali wina: chabe m'malo akale electrolyte latsopano. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kukhetsa njira yakale kuti ayeretse zamkati wa asidi yotsalira sulfuric mu madzi otchezedwa, ndiyeno kutsanulira gawo latsopano. Childs, khalidwe njira ya electrolyte pomwepo ndi chifunirocho kufunika ndende. Pambuyo m'malo angaiwale za mmene kulera osalimba a electrolyte lapansi.

The electrolyte zikuchokera kwakukulukulu Mzimuyo katundu wake. Makhalidwe monga madutsidwe magetsi ndi osalimba Mwachitsanzo, mwamphamvu zimadalira chikhalidwe cha solute ndi ndende zake. Pali funso osiyana mmene electrolyte mu batire kungakhale. Ndipotu buku yake mwachindunji ndi mphamvu analengeza za mankhwala. The zambiri asidi sulfuric mkati batire, kotero izo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, T. E. The voteji zambiri amatha kutulutsa.

Ali zothandiza?

Ngati muli ndi galimoto wokonda kapena kungofuna magalimoto, mumvetsa zonse nokha. Ndithudi inu kudziwa ngakhale kudziwa mmene electrolyte kwambiri mu batire tsopano. Ndipo ngati inu muli kutali ndi galimoto, ndiye chidziwitso cha katundu wa zinthu zimenezi, ntchito yawo ndi momwe iwo kucheza ndi mzake sadzakhala zosafunika. Podziwa ichi, inu simuli osokonezeka, mwapemphedwa kunena zimene electrolyte mu batire la. Ngakhale ngakhale inu simuli galimoto wokonda, koma muli ndi galimoto, ndiye chidziwitso cha chipangizo batire adzakhala mwamtheradi sizingawononge ndi zingakuthandizeni kukonza. Zikhala zophweka kwambiri ndi mtengo kuchita zonse nokha, kuposa kupita ku malo galimoto.

Ndipo kudziwa zambiri zokhudza nkhani imeneyi, Mpofunika kuti onani umagwirira buku sukulu ndi yunivesite. Ngati inu mukudziwa sayansi bwino ndi kuwerenga mabuku okwanira, Njira adzakhala "Chemical magwero panopa" Varypaeva. Pali mulamulo chiphunzitso moyo batire, zosiyanasiyana mabatire ndi zinthu haidrojeni.

Pomaliza

Tabwera mathero. Tiyeni n'cigwagwa. Pamwamba tinakambirana chirichonse, palibe chinthu monga electrolytes: zitsanzo, chiphunzitso kapangidwe ndi katundu, ntchito ndi ntchito. Apanso, tiyenera kuti mankhwala awa ali gawo la moyo wathu, popanda imene sipangakhalenso thupi lathu ndi madera onse a makampani. Inu mukukumbukira electrolytes magazi? Chifukwa iwo tikukhalamo. Nanga magalimoto athu? Ndi chidziwitso ichi titha kukonza vuto lililonse ndi batire, monga tsopano kumvetsa mmene kulera kachulukidwe wa electrolyte mu izo.

Onse Sitingathe kudziwa, koma sitinali ndi cholinga choterocho. Ndipotu, si zonse zimene za zinthu izi zodabwitsa.