Chilinganizo mapadi. Chemical thupi katundu. Kukonzekera, ntchito

Bwino tsiku ndi tsiku zinthu kwa ife, amene ubiquitous mu miyoyo yathu tsiku ndi tsiku, sizingatheke kulingalira popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala organic mankhwala. Kale zatsopano mankhwala Anselm Payá, chifukwa cha zimene iye anatha kupeza ndi kulongosola 1838 ndi polysaccharide amene walandira dzina "mapadi" (lachokera ku mapadi French ndi cellula Latin, kutanthauza "selo kwapadera"), chuma ichi ndi zinthu mwachangu ntchito yopanga zinthu chofunika kwambiri.

Zochuluka zokhudza zamkati zachititsa kuti zosiyanasiyana zinthu, anapanga pa maziko ake. Pepala la sukulu zosiyanasiyana, paperboard, mbali pulasitiki ndi ulusi kupanga (nthochi, viscose rayon, mkuwa wa ammonia), mafilimu polima, enamels ndi vanishi, detergents, chakudya zowonjezera (E460) ndiponso opanda utsi ufa ndi mankhwala a ulimi ndi processing wa zamkati.

Koyera mapadi ndi woyera olimba ndi katundu mwachilungamo wokongola, ali kukana kwambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala ndi thupi.

Nature anasankha mapadi (mapadi) monga chuma chawo chachikulu nyumbayi. Mu dziko zomera ndi maziko maselo makoma a mitengo ndi zomera zina apamwamba. Mu mawonekedwe choyeretsetsa cha mwachibadwa zikuchitika mapadi ndi thonje mbewu tsitsi.

Wapadera katundu wa nkhaniyi atsimikiziridwa mwa dongosolo wapachiyambi. mapadi chilinganizo ali ndi mbiri okwana (C6 H10 O5) N umene tikuona kutchulidwa dongosolo polymeric. Mobwerezabwereza nambala yaikulu nthawi β-shuga zotsalira kumaiona tsatanetsatane wa mmene - [C6 H7 O2 (o) 3] -, chikugwirizana mu yaitali liniya molekyulu.

Maselo mapadi chilinganizo imalongosola katundu wake wapadera mankhwala kupewa mapangidwe zikuwononga. Komanso zamkati ali ndi kukana mkulu kutentha, ngakhale pa madigiri 200 Celsius zinthu amakhala matabwa ake ndipo osati kuwonongedwa. Autoignition limapezekanso pa kutentha 420 ° C.

No mapadi zochepa wokongola katundu lawo. The structural chilinganizo cha mapadi mu mawonekedwe a chingwe yaitali okhala ku 300 10,000 mayunitsi shuga ndi nthambi mbali ayi, makamaka Mzimuyo mtendere mkulu wa mankhwala. Chilinganizo shuga chimasonyeza mmene kuchuluka kumangidwa wa hydrogen adzandipereka ulusi mapadi osati mkulu mawotchi mphamvu, komanso elasticity mkulu. The zotsatira za processing mawunikidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zatsopano mankhwala ndi kafukufuku anali cholengedwa wa chitsanzo wa macromolecules mapadi. Ndi mwauzimu okhwima mu masitepe 2-3 mlingo wa pulayimale, amene okhazikika chifukwa nsinga wa hydrogen intramolecular.

Osati mapadi chilinganizo ndi digiri yake polymerization ndi khalidwe zofunikira zinthu zambiri. Choncho thonje yaiwisi ukufika chiwerengero cha zatsalira glucosidic 2500-3000, a mwayeretsa thonje - kuchokera 900 mpaka 1000, anayeretsa nkhuni zamkati ali chizindikiro 800-1000, limatha kudzichiritsa ndi mapadi mu chiwerengero chawo yafupika 200-400, ndi mapadi nthochi ku mafakitale izo ranges kuchokera 150 kuti 270 "maulalo" mu molekyulu ndi.

mankhwala A kupanga mapadi ndi chomera zakuthupi, kwenikweni ndi mitengo. The ndondomeko zofunika amagwira ndi kupanga tchipisi matabwa ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana pulping, kenako kuyeretsedwa, kuyanika ndi kudula chotsirizidwa.

Anasintha chithandizo cha mapadi limachititsa kupeza zosiyanasiyana zipangizo ndi chifunirocho thupi katundu ndi mankhwala kuti kulola kubala zosiyanasiyana mankhwala, popanda zomwe moyo wa munthu masiku ano n'zokayikitsa. Chilinganizo wapadera wa mapadi, anasintha mankhwala ndi chithandizo thupi, anakhala maziko yopanga zipangizo zimene ali wapadera mu chikhalidwe, kuzilola kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani mankhwala, mankhwala ndi zina, zochita za anthu.