Chikhalidwe cha nyese ndi yokoka. kungoganizira Ampere za chikhalidwe cha nyese

Pa zaka 50 zapitazi, nthambi zonse za sayansi zimene analowa mwamsanga patsogolo. Koma kuwerenga kwambiri magazini mmene nyese ndi yokoka, tinganene kuti munthuyo ali mafunso kuposa kale.

Chikhalidwe cha nyese ndi yokoka

Zonse zimaonekera ndi bwino kuti zinthu timakankhidwira m'mwamba kuloŵa pansi pansi. Chimakopa n'chiyani? Tikhoza kuganiza kuti iwo amakopeka ndi ena mphamvu osadziwika. Magulu chomwecho ankatchedwa - yokoka achilengedwe. Nthawi iliyonse chidwi anakumana ndi zambiri mikangano, malingaliro, mfundo ndi mafunso. ndi chikhalidwe cha nyese chiyani? Kodi mafunde yokoka? Chifukwa cha mmene iwo anapanga? Pa zinthu zooneka chikhalidwe ndi pafupipafupi? Kodi iwo zimakhudzira chilengedwe ndi pa munthu aliyense payekhapayekha? Kodi efficiently mungagwiritse ntchito zodabwitsazi kuti athandize chitukuko?

Lingaliro la nyese

Kumayambiriro chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi atumwi sayansi Hans Mkhristu Oersted anapeza maginito ya magetsi. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuganiza kuti chikhalidwe cha nyese kumagwirizana ndi magetsi, amene anapanga mkati aliyense wa maatomu alipo. funso n'lakuti, kodi ukugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha nyese lapadziko?

Today anapeza kuti mphamvu ya maginito mu zinthu maginito ochokera kwakukulukulu ma elekitironi yomwe ikhale tembenuzani nguli ndi kuzungulira phata la atomu panopa.

Iwo kalekale zakhazikitsidwa kuti kayendedwe zosathandiza wa ma elekitironi ndi magetsi panopa weniweni ndi ndime zake akapsa nucleation maginito. Kuti adzimvera gawo limeneli, tikhoza kunena kuti ma elekitironi chifukwa gulu lawo limakhala maatomu wachisokonezo kwapakati kupanga mafunde amene nawonso, kulimbikitsa nucleation za kuthengo maginito.

Koma chimene chinapangitsa kuti zinthu zosiyana maginito ali kusiyana kwambiri mu mtengo zake, komanso mphamvu zosiyana za magnetization chiyani? Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti olamulira kuyenda yozungulira ndi ma elekitironi wodzilamulira mu maatomu akhoza kukhala malo osiyanasiyana wachibale wina ndi mzake. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti anakonza pa udindo ziwalo zokwawa za ma elekitironi kwaiye maginito.

Choncho, tisaiwale kuti sing'anga ku chimene chimachokera ya maginito zimakhudza mwachindunji, kapena kuchulukitsa kufooka munda yokha.

диамагнитные , а материалы, весьма слабо усиливающие магнитное поле, именуются парамагнитными . Zipangizo, ndi maginito kuti imafoola wakumunda chifukwa amatchedwa diamagnetic, ndi zipangizo ndi ofooka kwambiri ikuthandizira maginito, wotchedwa paramagnetic.

Maginito makhalidwe a zinthu

Tikumbukenso kuti chikhalidwe cha nyese ukapezeka osati chifukwa ndi magetsi, koma ndi maginito okhazikika.

The maginito okhazikika akhale wa wochepa zinthu m'dzikoli. Koma Dziwani kuti onse a zinthu zimene zidzakhala mu utali wozungulira wa kumunda maginito kuti magnetize ndi kukhala yomweyo magwero a m'munda maginito. Atalipenda pamwamba, ndi bwino kuwonjezera kuti maginito kupatsidwa ulemu vekitala zinachitikira chinthu chosiyana ndi maginito kupatsidwa ulemu vekitala kuyamwa.

kungoganizira Ampere za chikhalidwe cha nyese

Ubale causal, chifukwa chimene kugwirizana unakhazikitsidwa pakati matupi Kukhala mbali maginito linatsegulidwa wotchuka French wasayansi André-Mari Amperom. Koma kodi Ampere amanena zokhudza nyese?

History kuika unayambika chifukwa cha zidindo amphamvu asayansi. Iye anaona kafukufuku Oersted Lmiera amene molimba mtima adati chifukwa cha nyese dziko lapansi ndi mafunde kuti zonse zichitike mkati lonse. chopereka wachibadidwe ndi lofunika kwambiri chaonekera: mbali maginito ya matupi kuzifotokoza ndi makope apitirize mafunde mu iwo. Pambuyo Ampere akufuna mfundo yotsatirayi: maginito makhalidwe a matupi aliyense alipo kumatanthauza anatseka dera mafunde magetsi loyenda mwa iwo. открытия, объяснив магнитные особенности тел. Statement sayansi anali olimba mtima kuchita, chifukwa anawoloka atulukira m'mbuyomo kufotokoza mbali ya matupi kampasi.

Movement wa ma elekitironi ndi magetsi panopa

Ampere kungoganizira limanena kuti aliyense atomu mkati molekyulu, ndi lilipo mlandu pulayimale ndi kufalitsidwa magetsi inawadutsa. Dziwani kuti lero ife tikudziwa kale kuti mafunde chomwecho anapanga chifukwa cha kayendedwe wachisokonezo ndi mosalekeza za ma elekitironi mu ma atomu. Ngati ndege ndi mosintha kukhala mwachindunji wachibale wina ndi mnzake chifukwa matenthedwe zoyenda wa mamolekyulu, ndi njira zawo ndipo alibiretu offsetting mbali maginito alibe. A zinthu maginito chabe, mafunde akuuzidwa kuonetsetsa kuti zochita zawo slazhivalis.

The amanena za Ampere kufotokoza chifukwa mivi maginito ndi mafelemu ndi magetsi m'munda maginito zinthu identically kwa wina ndi mzake. Muvi, nayenso, ayenera kutengedwa ngati ya zingwe zopota ang'ono ndi mafunde zomwe akuuzidwa identically.

A gulu lapadera zipangizo paramagnetic imene maginito kumadalira, wotchedwa ferromagnetic. Nkhani ndi chitsulo, faifi tambala, cobalt ndi gadolinium (ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo).

Koma kufotokozera khalidwe la nyese kwa maginito ya wakhululuka? mphamvu ya maginito anapanga ferromagnetic osati yekha chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi, komanso chifukwa cha wachisokonezo zoyenda zawo.

The patsogolo okhota (okhota patsogolo zake) amamuonera dzina - sapota. Ma elekitironi pa moyo likuzungulira nguli ndipo ndi mtengo wochokera ndi maginito ndi munda anapanga chifukwa gulu lawo yozungulira za mtima.

Mariya Kyuri kutentha

температура Кюри. Kutentha pamwamba omwe zakuthupi ferromagnetic wotaya-magnetization nalo dzina lake yotsimikizika - Curie kutentha. Ndipotu, French wasayansi ndi dzina lopatsidwa ndi kupezeka. Iye anazindikira kuti ngati kwambiri usavutike maginito chinthu, ndiye adzataya mwayi kukopa zinthu zachitsulo.

zipangizo Ferromagnetic ndi ntchito

Ngakhale kuti matupi ferromagnetic pali zambiri mu dziko, makhalidwe awo maginito ndi ntchito yaikulu yothandiza ndi phindu. A koyilo pakati zachitsulo kapena zitsulo, kwambiri timapitiriza maginito, pamene choposa otaya ziliri pa koyilo lapansi. chodabwitsa kwambiri kumathandiza kuti asatope. Mitima anapangidwa kwathunthu zipangizo ferromagnetic, ndipo zilibe cholinga chotani adzatero mfundo imeneyi.

Maginito njira kungosunga zomwe tamva

Pogwiritsa ntchito ferromagnetic anapanga pamwamba kalasi tepi ndipo kakang'ono maginito filimu. matepi maginito ankagwiritsa ntchito m'minda ya kulira ndi kanema.

Maginito tepi ndi maziko pulasitiki, wopangidwa mwa polirhlorvinila kapena zigawo zina. Pamwamba pa wosanjikiza, amene ndi maginito utoto, amene wapangidwa ndi kuchuluka ochepa particles singano zooneka chitsulo kapena zina ferromagnetic.

ndondomeko chojambulira amachitidwa pa tepi chifukwa electromagnets, ndi maginito zomwe amaloŵamo kusintha mungoli phokoso chifukwa Phokoso. Chifukwa, tepi kuzungulira mutu maginito, aliyense gawo la filimu pansi magnetization.

Chikhalidwe yokoka ndi mfundo zake

Kuyenera makamaka kudziŵika kuti mphamvu yokoka ndiponso akachita mwa lamulo la kukoka konsekonse, umene umati: mfundo ziwiri chuma kukopa mzake ndi mphamvu mwachindunji njila kwa lalikulu la mtunda wa pakati pawo.

Asayansi amakono akhale osiyana pang'ono kuganizira mfundo mphamvu yokoka ndipo limafotokoza mmene zochita za m'munda yokoka ya dziko lapansi, chiyambi cha limene mpaka pano, mwatsoka asayansi, wakhazikitsidwa.

Kufotokoza onse pamwamba, tiona kuti zonse mu dziko lathuli kwambiri inakula ndi kusiyana kwambiri pakati yokoka ndi nyese ayi. Ndipotu, yokoka ali nyese kwambiri, osati Kumbali yaikulu. Padziko Lapansi, chinthu sangakhoze anapambulwa pa chikhalidwe - wasweka nyese ndi mphamvu yokoka, imene m'tsogolo akhoza kwambiri kusokoneza moyo wa chitukuko. M'pofunika madalitso a asayansi atulukira asayansi aakulu ndi kuyesetsa mavuto atsopano, koma kuti ntchito zonse zenizeni akhale rationally popanda owononga chilengedwe ndi anthu.