Magwero Current, mankhwala. Mitundu ya magwero mankhwala panopa ndi chipangizo

magwero Current , mankhwala (chidule KUMENYA) - anatengera, imene mphamvu ya redox anachita ali n'kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. ena maina awo - ndi electrochemical selo, galvanic selo , ndi electrochemical selo. opaleshoni awo mfundo ndi zotsatirazi: mogwirizana wa reagents awiri amayambitsa zotsatira mankhwala ndi zonse magetsi inawadutsa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mphamvu. Mu ena panopa gwero ndondomeko magetsi amapezeka multistage chiwembu. Choyamba anamasulidwa mphamvu ikukhudzana ndiye lidzasinthidwa makina kenako yekha mu mphamvu ya magetsi. Mwayi kugunda - wina gawo ndondomeko, i.e. magetsi analandira mwachindunji, anyalanyaza masitepe kupereka matenthedwe ndi makina mphamvu.

nkhani

Kodi choyamba gwero panopa? magwero mankhwala ankatchedwa maselo galvanic pambuyo wasayansi Italy m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu - Luigi Galvani. Iye anali dokotala, anatomist, physiologist ndi sayansi. Limodzi mwa madera kafukufuku wake anali kuphunzira zochita za nyama zinthu zosiyanasiyana kunja. The njira mankhwala yopangira magetsi chatsegulidwa Galvani mwangozi, inali imodzi mwa mayesero ake pa achule. Iwo chikugwirizana ndi mitsempha yaiwisi mu miyendo yakutsogolo awiri zitsulo mbale. Pamene izi zinachitika akulu chidule. mafotokozedwe mwini wa zodabwitsazi wa Galvani zinali zolakwika. Koma zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo wake ndi kuyang'anila anathandiza compatriot wake Alessandro Volta mu maphunziro wotsatira.

Volta kutanthauziridwa mu ntchito yake chiphunzitso cha zosayembekezereka wa panopa magetsi kudzera mankhwala anachita pakati pa zitsulo ziwiri pokhudzana ndi minofu akulu a chule lapansi. Woyamba mankhwala gwero panopa ankawoneka ngati chidebe ndi brine, ndi mbale kumizidwa m'menemo nthaka ndi mkuwa.

Mu mafakitale-ang'ono CCS anayamba kupangidwa mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, chifukwa cha France Leklanshe amene anatulukira chachikulu maselo manganese-nthaka ndi mchere electrolyte, dzina lake. Patapita zaka zingapo, ichi chakhala bwino electrochemical selo asayansi ena ndipo ndi chabe yaikulu magetsi mankhwala pamaso 1940.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito KUMENYA

mankhwala panopa gwero chipangizo zikuphatikizapo maelekitirodi awiri (ochititsa a mtundu woyamba) ndipo electrolyte kanthu (wochititsa mtundu wachiwiri, kapena ion wochititsa). Kumalire angathe pakompyuta angakhalepo pakati pa iwo. The elekitirodi limene wothandizila kuchepetsa ali oxidized wotchedwa anode, ndipo pa zimene oxidant kuchira - cathode. Pamodzi ndi electrolyte, iwo zimapanga dongosolo electrochemical.

A byproduct wa redox anachita pakati maelekitirodi ndi pakutchulidwa ya magetsi. Pa linachepa, nthumwi kuchepetsa ndi oxidised ndi oxidant amapereka ma elekitironi kuti amawalandira ndi chifukwa ichi wabwezeretsedwa. Kukhalapo kwa electrolyte pakati pa cathode ndi anode ndi choyambilira anachita. Ngati chabe kusakaniza pamodzi ufa wa zitsulo ziwiri zosiyana, palibe kumaliseche magetsi zimachokeradi, mphamvu adzamasulidwa monga kutentha. electrolyte m'pofunika kuti streamline ndondomeko elekitironi kutengerapo. Nthawi zambiri amachita m'chere kapena Sungunulani cha ubwino wake.

maelekitirodi amaoneka ngati mbale chitsulo kapena gululi. Pa ubatizo wawo electrolyte ukapezeka magetsi angathe kusiyana pakati pawo - lotseguka dera voteji. The anode ali ndi vuto zotsatira za ma elekitironi ndi cathode - tilandiridwe awo. Padziko awo mankhwala anachita wayamba. Anasiya ndi kutsegula kwa unyolo, komanso pamene wina wa reactants ndi kudyedwa. Ukufuna kumachitika kuchotsa mmodzi wa maelekitirodi kapena electrolyte.

kachitidwe zikuchokera electrochemical

magwero Current oxidants mankhwala ntchito monga salt mpweya asidi, mpweya, halides, oxides apamwamba zitsulo nitroorganic pawiri ndi T. D. Kuchepetsa wothandizila momwemo zitsulo ndi oxides awo m'munsi, haidrojeni, ndi mankhwala hydrocarbon. Monga electrolytes ntchito:

1. njira amadzimadzi zidulo, soda, mchere ndi zina zotero. D.
2. njira Nonaqueous ndi ion madutsidwe akamagwira Kutha mchere mu mankhwala ndiponso kapena zochita kupanga.
3. mchere chimasungunula.
4. mankhwala wolimba ndi latisi amaayoni, mmene mmodzi wa ayoni makina.
5. Masanjidwewo electrolytes. njira iyi madzi kapena chimasungunula zili pores thupi olimba sanali conductive - elektronositelya.
6. Ion-kuwombola electrolytes. kugwirizana olimba ndi magulu amodzi amaayoni wa chizindikiro chomwecho. chizindikiro china cha Yona pamene yam'manja. katundu izi zimawapangitsa madutsidwe wa electrolyte unipolar.

galvanic batire

Chemical magwero panopa zigwirizana maselo electrochemical - maselo. Mavuto wina wa maselo amenewa ndi ang'onoang'ono - kuchokera 0.5 kuti 4V. Malingana ndi zosowa, KUMENYA ntchito galvanic batire, wopangidwa mwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana serially chikugwirizana. Nthawi zina ntchito mu kufanana kapena angapo-kufanana kugwirizana zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pa nkhani dera zonse monga maselo yekha yemweyo yaikulu kapena mabatire. Iwo ayenera kukhala magawo yomweyo: electrochemical dongosolo, kamangidwe, ndondomeko kusintha ndi kukula. Pakuti kugwirizana kufanana ndi zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Gawo KUMENYA

magwero mankhwala amasiyana:

• kukula;
• yomanga;
• reagents;
• Nature energoobrazuyuschey anachita.

magawo awa amaonetsera ntchito ya CCS oyenera ntchito inayake.

Gulu la maselo electrochemical zochokera kusiyana mfundo ya opaleshoni. Malinga makhalidwe amenewa, kusiyanitsa:

1. magwero a Pulayimale mankhwala - zinthu disposable. Iwo amene ali ndi katundu reagents, amene amadya zotani. Pambuyo zonse selo kumaliseche wotaya dzuwa. Mu KUMENYA wina chachikulu amatchedwa maselo galvanic. Wokhulupirika amangokhala kuwatcha - amafotokozera. Chitsanzo zosavuta chachikulu mphamvu zoyendetsera - "Battery" AA.
2. Rechargeable mankhwala magwero apano - mabatire (wochedwanso sekondale, kusintha KUMENYA) ndi zinthu reusable. Ndi kudutsa panopa ku dera kunja mu njira n'zosiyana kudzera batire pambuyo zonse kumaliseche anakhala reactants ndi kusinthidwa kachiwiri wambirimbiri mphamvu mankhwala (kuti adawalamulira). Chifukwa kuthekera nawuza kuchokera kunja zonse chipangizo panopa gwero ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, intermittently kudzutsa mphamvu. The ndondomeko ya kupoletsa mphamvu ngati zamagetsi amatchedwa accumulator kumaliseche. Zikuphatikizapo mabatire KUMENYA zipangizo zambiri zamagetsi (Malaputopu, mafoni ndi zina zotero. N.).
3. magwero mankhwala matenthedwe - zipangizo za yopitirira. Pa ntchito zawo pali otaya yopitirira ya magulu atsopano a reagents ndi kuchotsa mankhwala anachita.
4. Ophatikizana (polutoplivnyh) maselo electrochemical ndi katundu mmodzi wa reactants lapansi. The chipangizo chachiwiri umaperekedwa kwa kunja. The moyo chipangizo zimadalira kundipatsako kwa reactant choyamba. Tikaphatikiza magwero a panopa magetsi mankhwala ntchito monga mabatire, ngati pali kuthekera kubwezeretsa akuwayang'anira ndi kudutsa panopa ochokera kwa anthu wamba.
5. KUMENYA zongowonjezwdwa recharged umakaniko kapena mankhwala. Kwa iwo, n'zotheka m'malo patapita ulamuliro wathunthu anakhala reagents mbali latsopano. Ndiko kuti, iwo sali zipangizo mosalekeza komanso, monga mabatire a nthawi recharged.

makhalidwe KUMENYA

Makhalidwe akuluakulu a magwero mankhwala mphamvu monga:

1. Open dera voteji (OCV kapena lililonse voteji). mlingo Izi makamaka zimadalira dongosolo electrochemical (kuphatikiza wothandizila kuchepetsa, nthumwi oxidizing ndi electrolyte). Komanso OCV bwanji electrolyte ndende, digiri ya kumaliseche, kutentha ndi ena. OCV zimadalira mtengo wa panopa likuyenderera mu kugunda.
2. Mphamvu.
3. The kumaliseche apano - malingana kunja dera kukana.
4. Mphamvu - pazipita kuchuluka kwa magetsi wakupatsa KUMENYA pamene amachoka kwathunthu.
5. The mphamvu zili - mphamvu pazipita analandira mu chipangizo zonse kumaliseche.
6. Mphamvu makhalidwe. Pakuti mabatire, izo kwenikweni kungakupatseni chiwerengero cha m'zinthu mlandu-kumaliseche popanda kutsitsa voteji mlandu mphamvu (Zomwe).
7. Kutentha osiyanasiyana ntchito.
8. Yosungirako nthawi - pazipita kuchuluka kwa nthawi pakati kupanga woyamba chipangizo kumaliseche.
9. moyo Service - pazipita okwana yosungirako ndi moyo ntchito. Pakuti mafuta maselo ndi nthawi yofunika ya utumiki ndi opareshoni mosalekeza likukulira.
10. Mphamvu zonse anapulumutsa moyo utumiki wonse.
11. Mawotchi mphamvu za kugwedera, mantha, ndi zina zotero. N.
12. Kuchita mu udindo uliwonse.
13. Kudalirika.
14. Easy yokonza.

Zimafunika KUMENYA

Kapangidwe ka maselo electrochemical ayenera kupereka malo abwino zimene kothandiza kwambiri. zinthu zimenezi ndi izi:

• popewa kutayikira panopa;
• yunifolomu ntchito;
• mawotchi mphamvu (kuphatikizapo kusindikiza);
• kulekana kwa reactants ndi;
• kukhudzana kwabwino pakati maelekitirodi ndi electrolyte;
• zimatulutsa panopa ku woyendera nthambi anachita ndi linanena bungwe lowona ndi zomvetsa osachepera.

magwero Current, mankhwala ayenera kukumana zotsatirazi zofunika ambiri:

• makhalidwe apamwamba a magawo enieni;
• pazipita kutentha osiyanasiyana operability;
• nkhawa kwambiri;
• mtengo osachepera gulu la mphamvu;
• Voteji mutendele;
• mlandu kuteteza;
• chitetezo;
• chomasuka yokonza ndi Choncho palibe kufunika kwake;
• yaitali moyo utumiki.

opaleshoni KUMENYA

Ubwino waukulu wa maselo chachikulu - kulibe kukonza chilichonse. Musanayambe ntchito iwo mokwanira kufufuza maonekedwe, alumali moyo. Pamene chikugwirizana ndi zofunika kusunga polarity ndipo fufuzani umphumphu wa kulankhula chipangizo. Kwambiricho magwero mankhwala - mabatire, udzafunidwa ndi chisamaliro yaikulu kwambiri. Cholinga cha utumiki wawo - kutambasuka pazipita moyo. Kusamalira batire ndi:

• yokonza ukhondo;
• kuyan'anila lotseguka dera voteji;
• kukhalabe mlingo electrolyte (kwa refilling yekha madzi otchezedwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito);
• Control wa electrolyte ndende (kudzera hydrometer - yosavuta chipangizo kuona kachulukidwe madzimadzi).

Pa ntchito maselo electrochemical ayenera kutsatira zofuna zonse zokhudza ntchito abwino zipangizo zamagetsi.

KUMENYA gulu la machitidwe electrochemical

Mitundu ya magwero mankhwala panopa, malinga ndi dongosolo:

• kutsogolera (acid);
• faifi tambala-cadmium, faifi tambala zitsulo, faifi tambala-nthaka;
• manganese-nthaka, mkuwa nthaka, Mercury, nthaka, nthaka mankhwala enaake;
• siliva nthaka, siliva ndi cadmium;
• mpweya zitsulo;
• faifi tambala-hydrogen ndi siliva wa hydrogen;
• manganese-mankhwala enaake a;
• lifiyamu ndi T. d.

Modern ntchito KUMENYA

magwero Current, mankhwala Panopa ntchito:

• magalimoto;
• zipangizo kunyamula;
• nkhondo ndi malo luso;
• zida sayansi;
• Medicine (pacemakers).

Zitsanzo Bwino wa KUMENYA kunyumba:

• mabatire (maselo youma);
• mabatire kunyamula zipangizo kunyumba ndi zamagetsi;
• uninterruptible mphamvu kotunga;
• galimoto mabatire.

Makamaka ambiri anatengera magwero mankhwala lifiyamu magetsi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti lifiyamu (Li) ali apamwamba mphamvu osalimba. Popeza kuti chili ndi zoipa elekitirodi angathe zitsulo zina zonse. Lifiyamu-ion mabatire (Lia) patsogolo makhalidwe ena onse CCS ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya voteji ntchito. Tsopano kenako amaphunzira latsopano dera - zoyendera msewu. Mu zochitika mtsogolo sayansi zokhudza kusintha kwa mabatire lifiyamu chingakuthandizeni motsogozedwa ziwembu ultrathin ndi lalikulu mabatire heavy-ntchito.