Dzhozef Pristli - zachilengedwe, katswiri wa nzeru zosiyanasiyana. Wambiri kutsegula

Iwo ankatchedwa Mfumu ya yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale. Dzhozef Pristli linasiyidwa mbiri ya woyambitsa atulukira ofunika umagwirira mpweya chiphunzitso cha magetsi. Iye anali theosophist ndi wansembe, amene anatchedwa "moona wosokoneza."

Priestley - wanzeru kuposa pakati chachiwiri cha m'ma XVIII, wasiya chizindikiro chake nzeru ndi philology, ndi zambiri - ndi amene anayambitsa koloko madzi ndi chofufutira kufufuta pensulo mizere kuchokera pa pepala.

zaka zoyambirira

Wamkulu mwa ana asanu a ndiwofatsa mabanja draper, Dzhozef Pristli anabadwa m'chaka cha 1733 m'mudzi waung'ono pafupi Leeds Filskhed. mavuto a ana aang'ono, anakakamizika makolo kutumiza Joseph ku banja la azakhali ake, amene anaganiza kukonzekera ntchito mphwake Anglican wansembe. Anam'dikira kukula kwambiri ndiponso maphunziro abwino mu zaumunthu ndi zamulungu.

Kumayambiriro chiwonetsero cha mphamvu ndi changu analola Priestley bwinobwino kumaliza sukulu ya sekondale Batley, kumene tsopano ndi mphamvu mu dzina lake, ndi Theological Academy mu Daventry. Anakapezeka njira ya sayansi ndi umagwirira pa University of Warrington, amene chimamulimbikitsa bungwe zasayansi kunyumba ndi kuyamba wodziimira umboni.

Scientist-wansembe

Mu 1755, Dzhozef Pristli anakhala wothandizira m'busa, koma mwalamulo wodzipereka mu 1762. Iwo anali mtumiki zachilendo kwa mpingo. Ophunzira bwino, podziwa 9 amoyo ndi akufa zinenero, iye 1761 analemba buku la "chikhazikitso cha English Galamala." phunziro anali zogwirizana cha m'ma hafu lotsatira.

Kukhala wochangamuka malingaliro mawunikidwe, Dzhozef Pristli anapanga chipembedzo chawo, kudziwana ndi ntchito za anzeru kutsogolera ndi azamulungu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anayenda kuchokera n'kofunika kuti anamuuza m'banja akangobadwa. Iye wapita ku Calvin Chiariani, ndiyeno kwambiri rationalistic mtsinje - Unitarianism.

Ngakhale chibwibwi, amene anabwera kwa iye atadwala kuleredwa, Priestley anali kulalikira ndi kuphunzitsa, Mau oyamba Benjamin Franklin - asayansi chabwino cha nthawi - ali anapita Zochita Dzhozefa Pristli sayansi.

Zatsopano m'munda wa magetsi

Home Research kwa Franklin anali sayansi. Magetsi ndi chidwi chachikulu Ine U Pristli, ndi malangizo a mmodzi wa m'tsogolo US woyamba abambo 1767 anafalitsa ntchito "History ndipo pano boma la magetsi." M'menemo muli atulukira angapo achikhazikitso, amene anabweretsa wolemba mbiri choyenera mu mabwalo asayansi British ndi European anali anaulura.

madutsidwe magetsi a graphite, Priestley anapeza kenako anapeza zofunika kwambiri zothandiza. Koyera mpweya wakhala mbali ya zipangizo zambiri zamagetsi. Priestley anafotokoza zimene zinachitikira electrostatics, zimene anapeza kuti kufanana mfundo za zotsatira magetsi ndi Newtonian mphamvu yokoka. Kulankhula kopanda awo a chilamulo "osiyanitsidwa lalikulu" kenako zimaonekera lamulo zenizeni za chiphunzitso cha magetsi - lamulo Coulomb a.

mpweya woipa

Physics, magetsi, conductance, mlandu mogwirizana - osati zofuna sayansi Priestley. Iye anapeza nkhani yophunzira mu malo mosayembekezeka. ntchito zimene zinachititsa kuti atulukira carbon dioxide, unayambitsidwa pa kuonerera wake wa makampani moŵa.

Mu 1772, Priestley anafotokoza kuti katundu mpweya umene aumbike pa nayonso mphamvu ya liziwawa. Zinali mpweya. Priestley zachitika njira yopangira mafuta zasayansi, ndinazindikira kuti yolemera kuposa mpweya, zovuta kuwotcha ndipo kwambiri sungunuka m'madzi, chopatsa yachilendo, kukoma zolimbikitsa.

timapuma

Kupitiriza zatsopano ndi carbon dioxide, Priestley kuika zinachitikira, umene unayamba ndi mbiri ya anapeza chofunika kuti kuli moyo padziko lino zodabwitsa - photosynthesis. Kuwayika galasi chidebe cha wobiriwira mbewu zimakula, iye anayatsa nyali ndi kudzaza chidebe ndi mpweya. Patapita kanthawi, iye anaika kuti mbewa wamoyo ndipo anayesa moto. Nyama anapitiriza kukhala ndi woyaka anapitiriza.

Priestley anali munthu woyamba kusunga dzuwa. Fotokozani maonekedwe a chatsekedwa mpweya chidebe angathe kukhala kupuma ndi kuyaka akhoza zomera zokha luso kuyamwa mpweya woipa ndi kumasula kwambiri opatsa moyo mankhwala. Zotsatira experimental anali maziko a kubadwa kwa akuthupi ziphunzitso padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo lamulo la kusamala mphamvu. Koma apeza loyamba wasayansi anali mu mzere ndi ndiye sayansi.

Dzhozef Pristli anafotokoza dzuwa mu mawu a chiphunzitso phlogiston. Mlembi wake - Georg Ernst Stahl - ankaganiza pamaso zinthu flammable mwachindunji mankhwala - madzi ndiwachabe - phlogistic, ndi ndondomeko kuyaka ndi azingokhala wothandizila mu zigawo zake constituent ndi mayamwidwe mpweya phlogistic. Priestley anali wothandiza chiphunzitso zimenezi ngakhale pambuyo anapanga zofunika kwambiri anapeza wake - allocated oxygen.

Anapeza akuluakulu

Zimene ambiri Dzhozefa Pristli zayambitsa kuti anali bwino anafotokoza asayansi ena. Anaikira chipangizo pamene mpweya wa amapanga wosiyana mlengalenga osati mwa madzi ndi zina lolemererapo madzimadzi - Mercury. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anatha kupeza volatiles, amene poyamba kusungunuka mu madzi.

Woyamba mpweya watsopano analandira Priestley anali nitrous oxide. Iye anapeza zimakhudza zachilendo pa anthu ake, chifukwa panali dzina zachilendo - kuseka mpweya. Kenako ntchito ngati mankhwala ochititsa opaleshoni.

Mu 1774, ndi zinthu chinadzatchedwa okusayidi Mercury, asayansi anakwanitsa kusakonda mpweya umene kandulo kudzaza n'zosadabwitsa yowala. Iye ananena kuti dephlogisticated mpweya. Priestley anakhalabe kukhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe cha kuyaka, ngakhale pamene Antuan Lavuaze anatsimikizira kuti kutsegula Dzhozefa Pristli - mankhwala ndi zofunika kwambiri wonse katundu ndondomeko moyo. mpweya watsopano dzina lake oxygen.

Umagwirira ndi Moyo

Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, mpweya - kufufuza mpweya imeneyo Priestley mu umagwirira nkhani. Kuona zikuchokera mpweya zinakhalira mu ndondomeko ya dzuwa - chopereka wasayansi mu zamoyo. Zatsopano milandu magetsi, njira amoniya kuwonongeka ntchito magetsi, Optics ntchito wasayansi wabweza yonena mwa sayansi.

Kupezeka, zopangidwa ndi Priestley April 15, 1770, alibe phindu ofunika. Izo ntchito miyoyo ya mibadwo yambiri a sukulu ndi ogwira ntchito. kutsegula nkhani anayamba ndi chakuti Priestley anapeza momwe chidutswa cha mphira kwa bwino ku India erases pepala pensulo mizere. Choncho panali mphira ndi - chimene ife ndacha chofufutira.

Ndi akatswiri zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo ankasiyana ufulu Priestley kuti yapindula iye mbiri ya munthu woganiza opanduka. Priestley buku "History of Christianity chibvundi" (1782) ndipo anasonyeza thandizo lawo kwa kusintha mu France ndi America achititsa mkwiyo mwa odzipereka kwambiri kwa British osafuna kusintha.

Pamene yokondwerera 1791 ndi maganizo amodzi chikumbutso kwa itachita wa Bastille, chifukwa cholephera alaliki linawotcha nyumba Priestley ndi labotale ku Birmingham. Patatha zaka zitatu anakakamizika kusamuka kwa US, komwe mu 1804 inatha masiku ake.

zofufuzafufuza kwambiri

Achipembedzo, ndale komanso zochita Priestley - chopereka zikuluzikulu kukula m'nzeru Europe, America ndi dziko. Zakuthupi ndi mdani tchalitchi cha nkhanza, anali kugwira analankhulana ndi maganizo kwambiri palokha wa chi.

Munthu uyu ambiri ankaona dilettante, asayansi icho, sakhala nthawi zonse ndiponso kumaliza maphunziro sayansi, Priestley zikuchititsa kuti mfundo yakuti iye sankakhoza kumvetsa kufunika kwa anatulukira mwa iye.

Koma mu mibadwo ina anali Dzhozef Pristli. mbiri yake - tsamba owala mu mbiri ya dziko. Izi ndi moyo wa wophunzira kwambiri, mlaliki kukhulupirira malingaliro ambiri mwapang'onopang'ono, aulemu membala wa maphunziro onse kutsogolera sayansi Europe ndi dziko - asayansi amene adzipangira chopereka kwambiri kuti pakhale zikuluzikulu ziphunzitso zachilengedwe sayansi.