Njira zamakono za chiwonongeko. Zotsatira za mankhwala. Kukhudza zinthu zosiyana siyana

Njira zamakono zowonongeka kwakukulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zida zankhondo zikhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu itatu: zida zamagetsi, zachilengedwe ndi nyukiliya. Zonsezi zimaimira ngozi yaikulu pamoyo wa asilikali osati asilikali okhaokha.

Zida Zamakono

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, zinthu zowononga za mankhwalaŵa zinadziŵika m'chaka cha 1915, pamene asilikali achijeremani ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa pozungulira mzinda wa Belgian Ypres. Kuchokera pa chiwonongeko ichi anthu zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi anaphedwa, ndipo 15,000 anazunzidwa kwambiri. Kuchokera apo, chida ichi chakhala chikuwongolera nthawi zonse. Mwachikhalidwe, ilo liri ndi zinthu zakupha ndi njira zawo zoperekera ku chandamale.

Maziko a zida za mankhwala ndi mankhwala owopsa a poizoni. Amapha anthu ndi nyama, amawononga malo, mpweya, madzi komanso malo ena onse. Monga magalimoto operekera, migodi ndi miyala, mabomba okwirira, mabomba, magalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zizindikiro za mankhwala (zowonongeka) ndizo zida za poizoni zomwe zimakhudza mdani. Zida zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito osati kungowononga mdani, komanso kuchepetsa kuthetsa kwake. Choncho, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithandizo chothandizira kuthandizira ntchitoyi. Zowononga zachiwiri za zida za mankhwala ndizo zotsatira zina za ntchito yake. Zozizwitsa zoterezi zikuphatikizapo kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, chakudya, zida, zovala, ndi zina zotero.

Zotsatira za ntchito

Poizoni zinthu zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana za thupi. Zowononga za zida za mankhwala zingayambitse mitsempha-kufooka thupi. Zida zoterezi zimakhala ndi zida zamkati, sarin, ndi zina. Zomwe zimayambitsa mankhwala zimayipitsa thupi laumunthu ndipo zimayambitsa ziwalo, minofu ndi imfa. Zotsatira zake ndizo chifukwa cha matenda a mitsempha.

Zotsatira za mankhwala (zowonongeka) za lumizite ndi mpiru zimakhala ndi vuto. Zinthu izi zimadwala ndi chimbudzi, ziwalo za kupuma ndi maso. Khungu lokhudzidwa, atatha maola angapo akugwirizanitsa ndi zinthu zowopsa, nthawi zambiri amatembenukira wofiira, ndipo kenako pamphuno ndi zilonda zikuwonekera.

Chlorcyan ndi hydrocyanic asidi ali ndi zosiyana ndi katundu . Amalowa m'thupi kudzera mu ziwalo za kupuma kapena m'mimba komanso chakudya ndi madzi omwe ali ndi poizoni. Zinthu zimenezi zimayambitsa dyspnea, kupweteka, kufooka ndi mantha nthawi zonse. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimayambitsanso kuyambitsa matenda, kusokoneza ubongo ndi matenda.

Matenda a pirtoxins

Zida zamtundu umenewu zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito powononga mbewu (makamaka chimanga). Izi zimachitika kuti athetse mdani wa chakudya. Kotero, osati chakudya chokha chokha chochepa, koma komanso mphamvu za nkhondo ndi zachuma za mdani. Zida zoterezi ndi zinthu zake zowononga zinakhala zotchuka kwambiri atagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asilikali a ku America pa nkhondo ya Vietnam.

Pang'onopang'ono anapanga gulu lonse la poizoni - phytotoxins. Zina mwa izo, herbicides, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powononga zomera zamasamba, ndiwo zamasamba ndi tirigu, ndizopambana kwambiri. Zotsatira za ntchito zawo zikufanana ndi zovulaza za ngozi ya mankhwala. Herbicide wotchuka kwambiri ndi wothandizira lalanje. Woyamba kuyesa anali British ku Malaya, ndiye Achimereka ku Vietnam. Dzinalo linatanthawuza za khalidwe la lalanje la mbiya, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poizoni. Masiku ano, phytotoxins ndi chida chofunikira cha nkhondo.

Chitetezo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Kawirikawiri, zida zamakono zamakono ndi miyala yomwe imatuluka pamlengalenga. Chizindikiro chachizindikiro cha kuukira kumeneko ndi mtambo wonyezimira, wobalalika, wodalirika. Kotero zinthu zoopsa zimalowa mumlengalenga, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo - kupita ku chilengedwe chonse. Madontho awo amapezeka bwino pa asphalt, masamba ndi makoma. Chizindikiro china cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu zoopsa - kufa kwa mbalame, kuphulika kwa zomera ndi maluwa.

Kuopsa koopsa kwa zida zamakono zamakono ndizozoloŵera. Choncho, anthu onse omwe ndi asilikali komanso asilikali akuyenera kuchitapo kanthu pa ngozi ya matenda mwamsanga komanso mogwirizana. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zonse muyenera kuchita mantha: chilichonse chowononga chida cha mankhwala chingayambitse matenda aakulu ndi imfa.

Ngati pulogalamu ya alamu ikugwedezeka, chimbudzi chimakhala chovala. Ngati tikulankhula za zinthu zomwe zimakhudza khungu, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kuvala suti yapadera kuti mutetezedwe. Komabe, malo odalirika kwambiri ndi malo ogona. Asanalowemo, anthu amafunika kuchotsa zovala zawo zamkati ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zotetezera. Mu malo osungirako bwino, pali maseche pachifukwa ichi. Ndiyeso yowonjezera - kotero mukhoza kutsimikiza kuti zinthu zopweteka sizilowa mu chipinda.

Monga momwe zimawonongera ngozi ya ngozi, ngozi zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida za mankhwala zikudikirira munthu pa sitepe iliyonse. Zinyumba zina (mwachitsanzo, cellars) sizikutsimikizira 100% chitetezo. Malo oterewa angathandizire ngati ogwiritsira ntchito zamadzimadzi ndi zamadzimadzi akugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma sangathe kuteteza motsutsana ndi mpweya, nthunzi ndi mpweya m'mlengalenga. Choncho, nthawi zina anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta osokoneza bongo ngakhale atakhala pogona.

Mankhwalawa amachititsa munthu kokha ngati ali ndi magwero a matenda. Kusiya malo oopsa kungakhale kovuta kwambiri. Zida zamakono ndi zovulaza zake ndizokulu. Gasi, mafinya ndi zinthu zina zimatha kubisa madera akuluakulu. Muzochitika zoterezi, kuti anthu atulukidwe ndi anthu, monga lamulo, kukonzekera kwabwino ndi bungwe lapadera pa gawo la boma likufunika.

Zida zamoyo

Maziko a zida zamoyo (kapena mabakiteriya) ndi zamoyo. Amasankhidwa mwachindunji chifukwa cha nkhondo. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zovulaza za chida ichi, anthu, nyama ndi zomera amadwala matenda aakulu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zofunika kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Iwo ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndiko kuti, amachititsa matenda opatsirana. Chinthu china chovulaza ndizopangira zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kulowa mu thupi laumunthu, zimayambitsa poizoni chifukwa chakuwopsa kwa poizoni.

Muzinthu zina, zida zovulaza za mankhwala ndi zida zamagetsi zimakhala zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, izo zikuwonekera bwino pa zochitika za mbewu. Zida ziwiri ndi zamoyo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powononga mbewu za adani. Kwa ichi, si mabakiteriya okha omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito, komanso tizilombo - tizilombo toopsa kwambiri kwa tirigu ndi masamba.

Mabakiteriya

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zowonongeka, malinga ndi makhalidwe awo, amagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timakhala ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, kukula kwake ndi zinthu zina. Ambiri ndi mabakiteriya. Zomwe zimawonongeka za zida za nyukiliya, zamagulu ndi zachilengedwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ngozi yochokera kwa zolengedwa izi. Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito yawo ndi kuwononga kapena kufooketsa mdani.

Mabakiteriya amachokera ku zomera. Ambiri mwa iwo ali otetezeka kwambiri ku kutentha, dzuwa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuwongolera kwakukulu mu chinyezi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mabakiteriya a tizilombo amatha kukhala omwe amachititsa matenda opweteka monga anthrax, tetanasi, botulism, mliri, kolera, melioidosis, kutaya, etc. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timamva bwino pa kutentha pansi pa zero. Mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zida za tizilombo amakula pokhapokha. Mafakitale awo opanga kupanga mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, mavitamini ndi maantibayotiki.

Mavairasi, rickettsia ndi bowa

Mtundu wina wa zida zamoyo ndi mavairasi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tikhoza kukhalapo ndipo timangoyamba kubala mkati mwa selo yamoyo ya ena. Amasokoneza thupi lawo. Mavairasi sagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa kutentha. Ndizo zimayambitsa matenda opitirira 70, kuphatikizapo chikasu, chifuwa, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, zida zowononga zamatsenga ndi zachilengedwe ndizoopsa kwambiri - zikhoza kuwononga kwakukulu kayendetsedwe ka thupi ndi imfa ya wogwidwa.

Udindo wamkati pakati pa mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya umagwira rickettsia. Amayambitsa matenda monga banga, typhus, ndi zina. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'chilengedwe chilengedwe rickettsia imafalitsidwa ndi arthropods. Zowononga za zida za nyukiliya, zamagulu ndi mabakiteriya zimasiyana chifukwa zimatsutsana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe. Miyendo, zipolopolo, mabomba, nkhondo - zonsezi zimalengedwa kuti zisawonongeke.

Mtundu wina wa zida zamoyo ndi bowa. Mofanana ndi mabakiteriya, ali ndi masamba. Zamoyo zimenezi zimapanga spores zomwe zimatsutsana ndi kuyanika ndi kuzizira.

Zochitika panthawi ya chilengedwe

Kupambana kwa zida za mabakiteriya kumapanganso kuti pambuyo poyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikupitirira kufalikira kwa odwala atsopano. Choncho, zokwanira kungoyambitsa mliri, ndipo kukula kwake ndi nkhani yokha. N'zoona kuti, ngati zowonongeka, zilipo zingapo zofunika kuti mutha kufa kwa anthu onse atsopano. Zida zamagetsi zimakhala ndi zovuta zambiri, zomwe zimasiyana ndi zida za mankhwala. Chitetezo ku zinthu zovulaza, komabe, chingakhale chogwira ntchito kokha ngati zidziwitso za mdaniyo zikudziwika bwino - mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zofooka zawo.

Nkhondo, mabakiteriya sangathe kufalikira kudzera mu zipolopolo, komanso mothandizidwa ndi makoswe ndi tizilombo - omwe amanyamula kwambiri tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pankhani ya zida zogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mvula yamkuntho kapena zinthu za powdery zimawonekera pamapeto pake.

Kuteteza motsutsana ndi zida za mabakiteriya, masikisi a gasi ndi kupuma amayamba ntchito. Zili zochepa, zothandiza komanso zodalirika. Komanso, valani zida zothandizira khungu. Malinga ndi malamulo a chitetezo cha boma, anthu ayenera kuchoka m'misewu ndi kukhala mkati ndi mawindo ndi zitseko zatsekedwa. Chinthu chachikulu sikuti alola bakiteriya kufika pa khungu, zovala kapena kupuma.

Chitetezo cha anthu ndi matenda ena amatha kupyolera mwazidziwitso prophylaxis: katemera, kugwiritsa ntchito sera, ndi zina zotero. Mbali yofunika yoteteza chitetezo cha mabakiteriya mulimonsemo zimakhalabe zogwirizana ndi malamulo a ukhondo ndi zaukhondo zokhudzana ndi madzi ndi zakudya za anthu. Kukonzekera kwa chakudya kumachitika kokha kumadera akutali ndi magwero a matenda. Zakudya siziyenera kungosambitsidwa ndi njira zenizeni zokha, komanso, chifukwa cha chidaliro, pansi pa chithandizo chowotcha. Pankhani ya mliri, ndikofunika kwambiri kusiyana ndi kale lonse kuletsa kufalikira kwa mantha. Mphamvu ya munthu aliyense iyenera kuyesedwa kuti iteteze zotsatira zoipa za mdani pogwiritsa ntchito chida choopsa.

Pomalizira, kudzipatula ndilololedwa. Ndizofunikira kwambiri pakufalitsidwa kwa matenda akuluakulu: kolera, mliri, ndi zina zotero. Kugawanika ndi kofunikira kuti munthu adzipatula yekha payekha. Chitetezo chapadera chimakhazikitsidwa pamalire a malo apaderaderawa ndipo udindo wa mtsogoleri wapangidwa. Mapolisi amayendetsedwa, kayendetsedwe kayendetsedwa, ziwonongeko za boma zikuchedwa. Kutetezedwa mosamalitsa kumafunika kuchipatala, malo opatsirana opatsirana komanso pa malo ochezera.

Anthu omwe atsekeredwa m'deralo amaletsedwa kuchoka malire ake, komanso kutenga nyama zawo ndi katundu wawo. Kuyenda kwa mfundo zogonjetsa kumaloledwa ndi mkulu wa boma kuteteza. Ulendo wopita kudera la chigonjetso ndi wolamulidwa mwamphamvu . Ndipotu, ndiletsedwa. Kupatulapo kungathe kupangidwira pa sitima zoyendetsa sitimayo. Kumadera akutali, nthawi zonse zimatulutsa mavitamini. Kusiyanitsa kumachotsedwa pokhapokha ngati causative agent afa.

Zida za nyukiliya

Zida za nyukiliya zinayambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000, pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Ndi mphamvu zake ndi mphamvu ndizo zakupha kwambiri. Nkhondo yamakono yamakono imalola kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya mumlengalenga, pamwamba pa madzi, pansi pa madzi, pamtunda ndi pansi. Kuphulika kumeneku kungawononge anthu nthawi yomweyo ndikuletsa zipangizo zamakono, kuwononga nyumba ndi mizinda yonse.

Chotsatira choyamba chogwiritsa ntchito nkhondo ya nyukiliya ndi mantha. Ichi ndi chovulaza kwambiri pa zida zoterezi. Kuwopsya kwakukulu ndi liwiro lalikulu likufalikira kumbali yonse. Ngati pali munthu amene akuwombera, sadzapulumuka. Njira yokhayo yotetezera zida za nyukiliya ndi malo osungirako malo okhala.

Kuphulika kumeneku ndi gwero la miyeso yowala yomwe imakhala ndi mazira a infrared ndi ultraviolet. Imachita masekondi 15 ndipo nthawiyi imayambitsa zilonda zamakhungu, komanso kuwonongeka kwa maso osatetezedwa. Pewani kuzimitsa kuwala komwe kumapezeka pamalo kapena pothandizidwa ndi zovala zapadera zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopanda moto.

Kusokoneza mavitamini

Miyezi yowonongeka ndi yotalikitsa komanso yothetsera zida za nyukiliya. Ndi mitsempha yamtundu wa mazira ndi masewera a gamma omwe amalowerera ku chilengedwe 12 masekondi atatha kupasuka. Mafunde amakhudza zamoyo zonse. Kwa anthu ndi zinyama, zimayambitsa matenda a radiation - matenda owopsya omwe amathera ndi kuwonongedwa kwa thupi kuchokera mkati ndi imfa.

Kutentha kwa nyukiliya kumayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa radioactive. Zigawo zomwe zimafalitsidwa zingathe kutambasula makilomita mazana ambiri komanso zikwi zikwi. Pamene zinthu zowonongeka zimalowetsa kumalo otseguka a thupi, zilonda zakhungu za m'deralo zikuwonekera. Mavuto owopsa akhoza kulowa thupi. Kuteteza ku matenda, zipinda zapadera ndi zida zotetezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mukamayanjana ndi chilengedwe, kutentha kwa dzuwa kuchokera ku malo ophulika kumapangitsa mphamvu yokoka yamagetsi. Zimapweteka chingwe ndi waya, komanso zimawononge zipangizo, kuphatikizapo kusindikiza, kuyankhulana ndi kulamulira. Zowononga za zida za nyukiliya ndi mankhwala zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri pamoyo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala oterewa ndi kochepa kapena koletsedwa ndi misonkhano ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana.