Sociology of Education: tanthauzo, phunziro ndi ntchito

Monga chilango chosiyana, chikhalidwe cha maphunziro chaumulungu chinakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi 2000. E. Durkheim, D. Dewey ndi asayansi ena amitundu ina adapeza kuti kunali koyenera kufufuza mavuto omwe ankagwirizana ndi ntchito ndi ntchito za maphunziro. Pa nthawi yomweyi, nkhaniyi ndi phunziro la maphunziro ndi maphunziro, mbiri ndi filosofi, kumene sayansi iliyonse ikuyang'ana mbali yomwe ili yoyenera. Akatswiri a zaumulungu amachokera ku chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, koma popanda sayansi zina silingathe kugwira ntchito mokwanira. Pogwirizana ndi izi, chikhalidwe cha maphunziro chaumulungu chimakhala ntchito yapadera:

• Kuphunzira zosowa mu dongosolo la maphunziro;
• Kuunika kwa ubwino ndi chidziwitso cha chidziwitso ndi chikhalidwe chawo;
• Kusanthula kwa kaganizidwe kathu kachitidwe kachitidwe;
• Mphamvu pa kusintha kwa maphunziro;
• Kukhazikika kwa mlingo wa mphamvu yake pa kukula kwa zosowa za uzimu.

Choncho, sayansi imeneyi imakhudzidwa ndi gulu lonse la maphunziro: momwe munthu amapezedwera m'magulu ndipo amakhala ndi maudindo ena, kukhala ndi maudindo. Malinga ndi izi, chikhalidwe cha maphunziro ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe chili ndi magawo atatu:

• Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi zaumoyo;
• Kuphatikizapo malingaliro apadera a zachikhalidwe;
• Kugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwino.

Malingana ndi ziphunzitso zambiri za msinkhu wawo, pali zidziwitso za msinkhu wa pakati, Momwe nthambi yophunzirira iliri.

Kufotokozera nkhani za chikhalidwe cha maphunziro, chogogomezera ndi chikhalidwe chake: dongosolo la maphunziro monga malo a chikhalidwe omwe mabungwe onse ndi machitidwe aliri mukutumikizana mwakhama, pali kugwirizana kosiyana pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka machitidwe ndi zowonongeka.

Cholinga cha nthambiyi ndi maphunziro monga chitukuko: anthu, mabungwe ndi udindo wawo mu dongosolo. Pano tikhoza kukambirana za chilengedwe kumene ntchito za maphunziro zikuchitika, kumene maphunzirowa akugwirizanitsa kupyolera mu maphunziro.

Kuphunzira dongosolo lino, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimasiyanitsa ntchito zomwe zimachitika Ntchito:

1. Pitani ku mibadwo yotsatira ya chidziwitso chochuluka. Ntchitoyi iyenera kukhazikitsidwa kudzera m'banja, maphunziro.
2. Kuonetsetsa kuti pitirizani kukhala ndi chikhalidwe. Zochitika zaumunthu, zowonjezereka mu luso, zodziwa chidziwitso ndi luso, zilipo pakalipano, koma nthawi yomweyo zimatsimikizira zomwe zapitazo ndikutsogolera mtsogolo.
3. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zikhalidwe, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chilipo.
4. Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kufotokoza za luso la umunthu waumwini, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti ntchitoyi ichitike bwino.
5. Mthandizi pakuyenda kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso chodziwitsa ndi luso linalake lapamwamba pamtundu wa anthu, chifukwa cha zomwe zimakhudza kuyenda mozungulira.

Momwemo, chikhalidwe cha maphunziro ndi gulu la chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimapanga udindo ndi malo a maphunziro mu dongosolo la kubereka.