Education System Lina: History

Mu mbiri ya sukulu ku Ulaya ndi ku United States pali nthawi zambiri chidwi maphunziro ano Russian.

dongosolo maphunziro kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi United States inakhazikitsidwa mchikakamizo cha mphamvu anapeza mu sayansi zachilengedwe pamapeto a XIX - XX zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo kuwerenga maganizo mwana. Pa nthawi iyi, iyo chiyambi Kuwasintha pedagogy, ambiri a malingaliro amene masiku zogwirizana ndi kufunika izi.

chiphunzitso Italy dokotala Maria Montessori wakhala anapereka chilinganizo "yochokera pa mwanayo." Swedish wolemba E.Key zochokera njira zotsatira zachilengedwe - chilengedwe cha Zochita za chitukuko cha masoka achilengedwe mwanayo. American wophunzitsa Dzhon Dyui anali tate wa njira ndi pedagogy ntchito lolunjika pa luso othandiza moyo.

Nthawi imeneyi mwachangu kukhala zitsanzo atsopano a sukulu, "sukulu kanthu" August Wilhelm Lai ku Germany, "Sukulu ya moyo mwa moyo" O.Dekroli mu France. Akutulukira mabungwe mayiko maphunziro ndi kayendedwe kuti kulengeza ufulu, maphunziro prirodosoobraznosti ndi maphunziro. Mu malo oyamba - zofuna maphunziro a ophunzira, zogwirizana ndi munthu, yotithandiza ntchito.

Miyambo dongosolo gulu ntchito wakhala kudzudzulidwa chifukwa cha lamulo okhwima kuphunzira ndi zofooka mu zochita za mwanayo.

"Kuwasintha" pedagogy wafunsira Baibulo la machitidwe maphunziro makolo mu Europe ndi USA. Mu zaka 40-60 cha m'ma XX akuyamba yokulirapo kusintha sukulu. Pa mtima wa masinthidwe anayamba ngati khama kuphunzira kanthu, palokha, kulenga anthu omwe amatha kugwira ntchito pa mlingo wa zipangizo zatsopano. Wina malangizo kusintha - chilengedwe cha multivariate maphunziro ambiri.

The kusintha kwa maphunziro American mu 1961 kuika patsogolo mfundo kuvomerezedwa "zapansi zisanu" Chingerezi ndi mabuku, masamu, sayansi, sayansi chikhalidwe, kompyuta zomangamanga. nkhani zina - kusankidwa maphunziro, imene inalipo za chikwi.

Dongosolo maphunziro mu Germany, nawonso, kukhala "zinthu zofunika kuphatikiza maphunziro voti" ndi amene anayambitsa latsopano mbiri - luso, ulimi, luso ndi luso, nyimbo, ndi zofunikira.

Mu England, masinthidwe amenewa nkhawa masukulu. Dongosolo maphunziro tione ngati izi: 50% ya nthawi sukulu zoyenera Chingerezi ndi mabuku, masamu, chipembedzo, maphunziro thupi; 50% - amunyamula mokakamizidwa kusankidwa nkhani - zaumunthu, sayansi, masamu.

dongosolo mu maphunziro US anali kusintha mu malangizo a ntchito ndi ana mphatso pa mlingo wa mapulogalamu onse. "Supersady" anaonekera kwa ana mphatso mpaka zaka zisanu. masukulu anasankhidwa ana luso (muyezo waukulu - kuganiza kunja kwa bokosi) ndi anayesedwa. 35 zikwi mphatso ophunzira kulandira osaphatikizidwamo yopemphera kwa mayunivesite wopambana mu dzikoli. Kukonzekera sukulu tsogolo zinalengedwa pulogalamu boma "Start" ndi "Sesame" limene bungwe makalasi sukulu ya ana, ndipo panali 130 maphunziro TV kwa sanayambebe kupita kusukulu.

Mu zaka 60-80 cha m'ma XX, dongosolo maphunziro achilendo zinakhudza kwambiri sukulu komanso amene mungayesedwe latsopano njira zophunzitsira.

"Open School" ndi maphunziro bungwe wanthawi zonse: mu zoyambirira - maphunziro mu theka lachiwiri - maphunziro gulu (zisudzo, maulendo, kujambula, kuyenda).

"Sukulu Popanda Walls" anathandiza pa palibe zina mtengo kuchepetsa kukula kwake kalasi ndi kupititsa patsogolo chidwi kuphunzira. Kuphunzira khalidwe zofunika kuchitika mu masukulu, ndi maphunziro kusankidwa inkachitikira zomera mafakitale, maofesi, etc.

"Sukulu Njira" mu United States anali ngati zosiyana dongosolo gulu phunziro - wophunzira aliyense payekha maphunziro dongosolo; ntchito malo kafukufuku, malaibulale, zinthu zochititsa chidwi; kuphatikizidwa wa makolo mu ndondomeko maphunziro.

Palibe chikaiko kuti dongosolo la maphunziro kunja zayambika mu lathu ndi anthu, lolunjika pa chitukuko munthu wa ana, komanso likugwiritsidwa anayambitsa maphunziro apadera ndi specialization.