Kodi pulsar ndi chiyani: kutanthauzira, zinthu ndi mfundo zochititsa chidwi

Mipulsar anapezeka mwangozi pakati pa zaka za m'ma makumi awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri. Izi zinachitika panthawi yomwe akuwonetserako makanemafoni, omwe poyamba ankafuna kuti aphunzire zozizwitsa zosiyanasiyana zosazindikirika m'madzi osadziwika a zakuthambo. Kodi zinthu zakuthambozi ndi ziti?

Kupezeka kwa pulsars ndi akatswiri a British

Gulu la asayansi - Jocelyn Bell, Anthony Hewes ndi ena - adachita kafukufuku ku yunivesite ya Cambridge. Mapulogalamuwa anaperekedwa ndi periodicity ya masekondi 0.3, ndipo maulendo awo anali 81.5 MHz. Ndiye akatswiri a zakuthambo sakanalingalirepo za pulsar kwenikweni ndi chikhalidwe chake chiri. Chinthu choyamba chomwe adawona chinali nthawi yodabwitsa ya "mauthenga" omwe adapeza. Ndiponsotu, kuwonjezereka kwachizoloŵezi kunachitika mu ulamuliro wachiwawa. Pakati pa asayansi, ngakhale kuganiza kunayambira kuti zizindikiro izi ndi umboni wa kuyesera kufikitsa anthu chitukuko cha kunja kwa dziko. Chifukwa cha kutchulidwa kwawo, dzina la LGM - lachingerezi lachingerezi limatanthauza amuna obiriwira ("amuna obiriwira"). Ochita kafukufuku anayamba kuyesa kuyesa "chidziwitso" chodziwika bwino, ndipo chifukwa cha cholinga ichi akatswiri apamwamba-omvera ochokera padziko lonse lapansi anaphatikizidwapo. Komabe, zoyesayesa zawo sizinapambane.

Kwa zaka zitatu zotsatira, akatswiri a zakuthambo apeza zinthu zitatu zofanana. Ndiyeno asayansi anazindikira chomwe pulsar ili. Iye anali chinthu china cha chilengedwe chonse, osagwirizana ndi zitukuko zakuthambo. Apa ndiye kuti mapulsar anawatcha dzina lawo. Kwafukufuku wawo wasayansi Anthony Hewish anapatsidwa Nobel Prize mu Physics.

Nyenyezi za neutron ndi ziti?

Koma ngakhale kuti kupezeka kwa izi kunachitika kale, ambiri akufunabe yankho la funso lakuti "pulsar" ndi chiyani? Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa si aliyense amene angadzitamande kuti sukulu yake ya zakuthambo kapena yunivesite inaphunzitsidwa pamwambamwamba. Timayankha funsoli: pulsar ndi nyenyezi ya neutron, yomwe imapangidwa pambuyo pophulika kwamphamvu. Ndipo chifukwa choti nthawi zonse zimadabwitsa nthawi yake, zimatha kufotokozedwa mosavuta - chifukwa chake ndizokhazikika kwa nyenyezi za neutron.

Mu pulsars za zakuthambo zimatchulidwa ndi nambala ya majiti anayi. Ndipo maina awiri oyambirira a dzina amatanthawuza ola, ndi maulendo awiri otsatira - maminiti, omwe ali ndi chiwongolero chowongolera. Ndipo chiwerengero cha ziwerengerozo chimaikidwa makalata awiri Achilatini, omwe malo otseguka amalembedwa. Choyamba pa pulsars yonse yotseguka idatchedwa SR 1919 (kapena "Cambridge pulsar").

Makasitomala

Kodi pulsars ndi quasars ndi ziti? Tinazindikira kale kuti pulsars ndiwo magwero amphamvu kwambiri a wailesi, omwe mafunde ake amadziwika mosiyana ndi zofuna zinazake. Makasta ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse. Zimakhalanso zowala kwambiri - zoposa mphamvu zawo kuti zikhale ndi mphamvu zowonongeka kwa milalang'amba, zomwe ziri ngati Milky Way. Makasitomala anapeza ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo ngati zinthu zomwe zili ndi redshift yaikulu. Malingana ndi chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zowonjezereka, makasitala ndi milalang'amba pachiyambi choyamba cha chitukuko chawo, mkati mwawo ndi dzenje lalikulu lakuda.

Pulsar yopambana kwambiri m'mbiri yonse

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zotchuka kwambiri zapadziko lonse ndi pulsar mu Crab Nebula. Kupeza uku kukusonyeza kuti pulsar ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse.

Kuphulika kwa nyenyezi yotchedwa neutron nyenyezi mu Crab Nebula yamakono inali yamphamvu kwambiri moti silingakhoze ngakhale kufika mu lingaliro lamakono la astrophysics. Mu chaka cha 1054 n. E. Nyenyezi yatsopano inafalikira kumwamba, yomwe masiku ano imatchedwa SN 1054. Kuphulika kwake kunkawonetsedwanso ngakhale masana, omwe anawonetsedwa mu mbiri yakale ya China ndi mayiko achiarabu. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti Ulaya sanazindikire kuphulika kumeneku - ndiye kuti anthu onse adakalipo pakati pa Papa ndi mtsogoleri wake, Cardinal Humber, kuti palibe wasayansi wa nthawi imeneyo amene analemba zochitika izi m'maganizo ake. Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, pa malo a kuphulika kumeneku, anatulukira mchere watsopano, wotchedwa Crab. Mpainiya wake, William Parsons, mwinamwake anam'kumbutsa za mtundu wake wa nkhanu.

Ndipo mu 1968 kwa nthawi yoyamba PSR B0531 + 21 pulsar anapezedwa, ndipo pulsar ndiyo yoyamba imene asayansi amadziwika ndi zochokera ku supernova. Gwero la kutuluka, poyang'ana mozama kwambiri, si nyenyezi yokha, koma yotchedwa plasma yachiwiri, yomwe imapangidwa mu maginito yomwe imayendayenda ndi nyenyezi yowopsya. Nthaŵi zambiri pulsar ya Crab nebula nthawi makumi atatu pamphindi.

Kutsegula, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zochitika zamakono zamakono

Koma pulsar ndi zodabwitsa osati kokha chifukwa cha kuwala kwake ndi nthawi. Zangotulukira posachedwapa kuti PSR B0531 + 21 imatulutsa miyezi yowonongeka yomwe imadutsa chiwerengero cha 100 bilo volt. Nambala iyi ndi yaikulu nthawi zambiri kuposa ma radiation ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu zipangizo zachipatala, ndipo nthawi khumi imaposa mtengo umene umatchulidwa m'maganizo a masiku ano. Martin Schroeder, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ku America, akunena izi: "Ngati zaka ziwiri zokha zapitazo munapempha aliyense wa astrophysicist funso ngati ma radiation angapezeke, mungapeze ayi. Lingaliro loterolo, limene mfundo yomwe anapeza ndi ife, ingakhalepobe. "

Kodi pulsars ndi momwe anapangidwira: chinsinsi cha zakuthambo

Chifukwa chafukufuku wa pulsar wa Crab Nebula, asayansi ali ndi lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha zinthu zodabwitsa izi zakumwamba. Tsopano mungathe kuganizira mozama za pulsar. Kuwonekera kwawo kukufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti pamapeto otsiriza a kusinthika kwawo nyenyezi zina zimaphulika ndi kutuluka ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu za moto - supernova yabadwa. Kuchokera ku nyenyezi wamba iwo amadziwika ndi mphamvu ya mdima. Zonsezi, pafupifupi zikwi zana zoterezi zimachitika pachaka mu Galaxy yathu. Masiku angapo chabe, supernova imachulukitsa kuunika kokwanira mamiliyoni angapo.

Zonse mosasamala, nebulae, komanso pulsars zimawoneka m'malo mwa ziphuphu zapamwamba. Komabe, sikutheka kusunga pulsars muzitsulo zonse za mtundu uwu wakumwamba. Izi siziyenera kusokoneza okondwerera zakuthambo - makamaka pulsar ikhoza kuwonedwa kokha ngati ili pamtunda wina. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo, pulsars "amakhala" motalika kuposa ma nebulae omwe amapanga. Asayansi sangathe kudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa nyenyezi yotayika komanso yowoneka kuti yayitali kwambiri kuti ikhale gwero la mphepo yamphamvu kwambiri. Ngakhale pali kuchuluka kwa malingaliro, akatswiri a zakuthambo adzayenera kuyankha funso ili mtsogolomu.

Pulsars ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri yoyendayenda

Mwachidziwikire, iwo omwe akudabwa kuti pulsar ndi chiyani ndipo ndi nkhani zatsopano zotani kuchokera kwa astrophysicists zokhudzana ndi zinthu zakumwamba, izo zidzakhala zosangalatsa kudziwa chiwerengero cha nyenyezi za mtundu uwu zotseguka kuti zikhalepo. Masiku ano, asayansi amadziwa zoposa 1,300 pulsars. Ndipo chiwerengero chachikulu - pafupifupi 90% - nyenyezi zimenezi zimatulutsa pakati pa 0.1 mpaka 1 seconds. Palinso ma pulsars okhala ndi nthawi zing'onozing'ono - amatchedwa millisecond. Mmodzi mwa iwo anapezedwa ndi akatswiri a zakuthambo mu 1982 mu Chanterelles. Nthawi yoyendayenda inali 0.00155 seconds. Kuyimira masitepe a pulsar kumaphatikizapo zigawo zosinthasintha, maginito, komanso mawimbi a wailesi.

Nthawi yochepa yotembenuzidwa ya pulsar inali ngati kutsutsana kwakukulu potsutsa malingaliro kuti mwa chikhalidwe chawo iwo akuzungulira nyenyezi za neutron (pulsar ikufanana ndi mawu akuti "neutron star"). Ndipotu, thupi lakumwamba lokhala ndi nthawi yotembenukayo liyenera kukhala lolimba kwambiri. Zofufuza za zinthu izi zikupitirira mpaka lero. Kudziwa za pulutars za neutron ndizo, asayansi sanaganizire zowona kale. Ndipotu, nyenyezizi zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri - kukhalapo kwawo kungakhale kotheka kupatula kuti magulu a centrifugal amene amadza chifukwa cha kusinthasintha ndi ochepa kuposa mphamvu zamphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito pulsar.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyenyezi za neutron

Pambuyo pake panapezeka kuti pulsars ndi nthawi ya millisecond yozungulira siinayi kwambiri, koma, mosiyana, imodzi mwa yakale kwambiri. Ndipo pulsars ya gulu ili ndi ofooka kwambiri maginito masamba.

Palinso nyenyezi zakuthambo, zotchedwa X-ray pulsars. Awa ndi matupi akumwamba omwe amatulutsa X-ray. Amakhalanso ndi gulu la nyenyezi za neutron. Komabe, ma pulsars ndi ma nyenyezi omwe amachokera ku X-rays amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo amakhala ndi katundu wosiyana. Choyamba pulsar yotereyi inapezeka mu 1972 mu gulu la Hercules.

Chikhalidwe cha pulsars

Ofufuzawa atangoyamba kuphunzira zomwe pulsars zili, adaganiza kuti nyenyezi za neutron zili ndi chikhalidwe chofanana ndi nthenda ya ma atomu. Maganizo oterewa anapangidwa, popeza onse a pulsars amadziwika ndi mafunde ovuta - chimodzimodzi ndi omwe amatsatiridwa ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya. Komabe, kuwerengera kwowonjezereka kunathandiza akatswiri a zakuthambo kupanga neno lina. Mtundu wa zinthu zakuthambo "pulsar" ndi thupi lakumwamba lomwe liri lofanana ndi mapulaneti akuluakulu (osatchedwa "infrared nyenyezi").