Wazotsatira Chaanthu ku Russia

M'zaka za m'ma 20, Western Chaanthu Kunasonyeza kusanduka kwambiri, kotero tsopano ndi dongosolo zovuta mfundo, maganizo, njira ndi ziphunzitso. Wazotsatira Chaanthu amatanthauza mfundo zofunika za Chaanthu kwa zaka za m'ma 20, pamodzi ndi chiphunzitso cha nkhondo chikhalidwe, structural ndi zinchito kusanthula sociometry, chiphunzitso cha ophiphiritsa interactionism, mfundo kuwombola chikhalidwe ndi phenomenological Chaanthu.

Wazotsatira Chaanthu zikuphatikizapo madera ziwiri:

- Ntchito maphunziro wazotsatira mu Chaanthu, ntchito yawo ndi kuchita kafukufuku umalimbana kuthetsa zothandiza ntchito bwino chimatanthauza.

- maphunziro wazotsatira maphunziro Chaanthu, ntchito yawo ndi mapangidwe sayansi za madongosolo a zochitika zosangalatsa moyo ndi malo enieni ntchito ngati maziko methodological kafukufuku sociological.

Wazotsatira Chaanthu kwa theka lachiwiri la m'ma 20 kuchitikanso osati mu US komanso kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Oyimira a sukulu wazotsatira bwanji ndithu osiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana zinthu, koma kwambiri anthu solvable ongolankhula ndi methodological maziko a kafukufuku, komanso ubale ndi kulankhulana mabuku a m'madera ntchito ndi maphunziro.

Wazotsatira Chaanthu ku Russia kuyambira patsogolo ulimi (P.Petrazhitsky, M.Kovalevsky neri Al.) Ndipo mu zaka khumi pambuyo (A.Gastev, S.Strumilin, A.Todorsky, N.Antsiferov, A.Chayanov, I.Bobrovnikov, A.Boltunov, M.Kornev, M.Lebedinsky, V.Olshansky neri Al.). Wazotsatira Sociology ku Russia mu zaka 20 ankaphunzira mavuto a gulu ntchito, kuchuluka mapangidwe chikhalidwe, moyo ndi kupanga maphunziro a anthu ogwira oyenerera. Kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche maphunziro amenewa adaimira anayambiranso yekha mu 70s ndi (YuLevada, A.Zdravomyslov, I.Kon, G.Osipov, V.Rozhin ,, V.Shubkin, A.Harchev, V.Yadov neri Al.).

Today kusintha zowonetsa njira chidziwitso. Mwachitsanzo, VA ziphe kudziwika Russian Katswiri zikusonyeza njira zotsatirazi kafukufuku wazotsatira mu njira zosiyanasiyana ongolankhula. Iye akumufunsira kumanga pa chiphunzitso chotere cha paradigms ongolankhula: ndi mawonedwe mu Chaanthu - ndi luntha mwatsatanetsatane za interrelationships mfundo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:

a) kukhazikitsidwa kwa wamba nthanthi yankho la funso "zimene ndi chikhalidwe";

b) kukhazikitsidwa kwa wina okwana osiyanasiyana mavuto kuti ankafufuza mkati mawonedwe makamaka;

c) Kuzindikila ena i ambiri n'loonadi ndiponso kudalirika mfundo chidziwitso poyerekezera ndi njira chikhalidwe ndi zochitika.

Kukula kwa Russia ndi yskoy Chaanthu kuwunikira magawo atatu:

1 siteji (60- 80s. M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.). Pali Chaanthu mu West ndi ku Russia, ndi, ndipo. Iwo amaonedwa monga sayansi, amene amagwiritsa sayansi ena monga "yosungira" mfundo ofunikira a malamulo ake mphamvu chikhalidwe ndi statics. Panthawi imeneyi, onse Chaanthu kupanga Hrs sukulu, organicism, maganizo, ndi umoyo-psychism ndi sukulu zotengera malingaliridwe.

Zotengera malingaliridwe Chaanthu anapanga mfundo zake pamaso pa aliyense. Cholinga chinali chokhumba kutsutsana maganizo a populism Russian ndi zokomera onse.

maganizo malangizo malingaliro kufufuza ntchito yofunika chikhalidwe kulimbikitsa zolinga za khalidwe la munthu.

2 siteji (80 -. 90 19.). Panthawi imeneyi anapanga antipositivist unsembe ndi Marxism. Panthawi imeneyi M.M.Kovalevsky anamasulidwa ntchito yake "Sociology". Anazindikira Chaanthu ngati sayansi ya kusinthika kwa zinthu ndi gulu la anthu. Iye anatsindika kuti Chaanthu kovuta zapiringizana zachuma, maganizo, mfundo Hrs, koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo, pa nthawi yomweyo, sizimawoneka mwachangu.

Siteji 3 (20-ntchentche za m'ma 20). Tonga sukulu - Wachiwiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo anapanga "Chaanthu Mkhristu".

4 sitepe (C '80s kwa zaka za m'ma 20 mpaka N.V.). A siteji latsopano chinali ndi kusintha kwambiri Chaanthu, amene anazindikira ndi sayansi palokha.