VNO - ndi chiyani ichi?

Lero, mwina simungathe kukumana ndi munthu amene sakudziwa chimene pfungo. Perfume ndi pfungo, "kukoma mayesero" ndi fungo la chikondi - chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogulitsa malonda ndi otsatsa mawu. Olfactory dongosolo kuti ndi udindo kudziwika oyaka chizindikiro mankhwala kugwirizana ndi achibadwidwe kugonana ndi akuchikazi, akulamulira neuroendocrine ndi mayankho khalidwe, wotchedwa vomeronasal. Ndipo dipatimenti yaikulu ya lilime la dongosolo - ndi vomeronasal limba. Udindo mogwirizana kwa zamoyo za mitundu zofanana, izo posachedwapa anapeza anthu ndi kuwatsimikizira unatenga mbali yaikulu kutchukitsa bongo khalidwe.

Chibwenzi ndi pfungo

Zonsezi zinayamba mu 1870 pamene French zamoyo Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre (1823-1915) mwachidule anasiya zasayansi gulugufe. Nditabwerera ku labu, adawona kuti pa zenera adawola agulugufe ochepa wamwamuna. Ndipo chilichonse chipinda iye sakanakhoza kupirira wamkazi, wamwamuna namtsata iye nthawi zonse. Choncho mfundo "attractors" mu zamoyo - mankhwala zikusonyeza wamkazi kukopa amuna. Only mu 1959, popeza anapeza kudziwa volatiles ndi udindo wawo khalidwe la zoberekera za tizilombo ting'onoting'ono Swiss Martin Lüscher (1917-1979) anayambitsa maganizo "pfungo" (pheromone), monga akuti aumbike kuchokera pophatikizana mawu achigiriki "kutengerapo" ndi " kulimbikitsa. "

Pfungo nyama ndi zomera

Modern zamoyo pansi mawu amatanthauza gulu la kosakhazikika mankhwala mankhwala kuti apange zomera ndi nyama kulankhulana, kusonyeza ndi kukondoweza kugonana. Pfungo si tanthauzo kugonana, ngakhale gawo ili la ntchito yawo kwambiri zamatsenga ndi chidwi. Kufunika angakhale Kupititsa (nyama yang'anirani gawo), atsogoleri (nyerere kusonyeza njira anzawo), mankhwala othamangitsa (zomera zimatulutsa mbendera zinthu mu nkhondo ya tizirombo) ndi ena ambiri. Woyamba koyera pheromone anali olekanitsidwa mu 1956 ndipo anali wamphamvu attractant Gulugufe amakhala - Iye akhaapatisa amuna kumenya mapiko "imagwedeza kuvina" mu Mlingo kwambiri kochepa. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati munthu agulugufe lachikazi kuonetsetsa yomweyo katundu lonse la pheromone, zikhoza kukopa zankhaninkhani, amuna. Atafika kumeneko pfungo, payenera kukhala dongosolo chifukwa maganizo awo.

Evolution vomeronasal olfaction

VNO limapezeka koyamba mu achule, nyama m'dongosolo lino kale mbali ya mitsempha osiyana ndi babu, chichereŵechereŵe, mitsempha ya magazi ndi zopangitsa. The embryogenesis ya thupi ili pa magulu onse a achule ndi munthu. Nyama wamkulu chitukuko chosiyana ndi mwachangu akuthamanga (achule, njoka, mphaka, galu) kuti yafupika ndiponso kusapezeka okwana (zinsomba, anamgumiwa, mileme).

limba Jacobson a

zaka ziwiri zapitazo, Ludwig Dane Jacobson (1783-1843) anafotokoza gulu la maselo ili mu fupa la chigaza pakati pa mphuno ndi mkamwa. Izi tizilumba tina maselo ena kuposa olfactory ndi kukoma, kenako wotchedwa vomeronasal limba. limba Jacobson akhala anafotokoza tizilombo, njoka, makoswe, ziweto. Kukoka, amphaka zina otsegula pang'ono pakamwa, titero, grimacing. Akukhulupirira kuti kumawonjezera otaya mpweya kwa vomeronasal limba mu amphaka. Koma njoka kuonjezera maganizo kayendedwe pfungo translational ya lilime. Choncho, pamene njoka amapanga gulu amenewa - si kuyesera kuwopseza inu, iye sniffs inu.

Anthu vomeronasal limba

Kwa nthawi yaitali ankaganiza kuti anthu zilumba maselo tcheru ndi yekhayo mu boma embryonic, ndiyeno iwo zikawoneka. Mu 1703, dokotala asilikali Frederick Ruysch (1638-1731) ananena dzenje osaka msilikali ndi chilonda kuti mphuno. Ndipo mu 1891, kale French dokotala Potike (1841-1903) anapeza vomeronasal limba 25% ya kafukufuku odwala 200. Zimene ambiri ndi maphunziro histological nthambi ya zamoyo. Ndipo lero mu asayansi pali kusagwirizana za udindo wa vomeronasal limba ndi anthu ake, kuchokera kukana kwathunthu linakhalapo, ngakhale aakulu kwambiri kuti azipeza phindu lake.

Tcheru zilumba Jacobson

VNO - yopapatiza m'mapaketi, kutalika millimeters ochepa, alimbane ndi epithelium imalandira. Iwo ali mbali zonse za m'mphuno septum (fupa pa mphambano za m'mphuno septum ndi m'kamwa otchedwa Vomero), kutali m'dera olfactory. Mu anthu, vomeronasal chiwalo cha fungo anapereka yaing'ono (1 mm m'mimba mwake) dzenje chimene chimafika chubu kutalika millimeters 2 10. Kutalika kwa thupi zosiyana kwambiri anthu onse ndi akhoza kusintha moyo. Pali mu mafuko onse ndi amuna ndi akazi. Histology wa vomeronasal limba la anthu cholandilira epithelium ndi manyuroni kwenikweni amene axons kutsirizitsa mu amygdala wa - dera la ubongo kukhala mbali ya ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha kwa.

Luso lapadera

ndi kusiyana kwa vomeronasal chiwalo cha kununkhiza chiyani? Fungo ikuchitika maselo zaminyewa wa m'njira za m'mphuno m'mphuno, mmene mankhwala kuwalimbikitsa ndi n'kukhala ndi maselo magetsi mitsempha ndi kuwapereka kwa kotekisi ubongo. Apa pali chizindikiro kusanthula ndi mmene kudziwika ndi fano mapangidwe. Mapeto a manyuroni vomeronasal zili amygdala - m'derali yomwe ndi udindo maganizo ndi kutengeka ndi chiyani kwa anthu kotekisi ubongo. N'chifukwa chake attractants awa kapena pfungo sangathe anafotokoza ndi ntchito kokha mlingo chikumbumtima.

"- mayi a mwanayo" dongosolo

Ntchito ya vomeronasal olfaction mu mgwirizano pakati pa mayi ndi Bakuman ake anasonyezeratu zatsopano nyama. Nyama Young zimatulutsa pfungo yeniyeni kuti yotithandiza mawu a achibadwidwe ndi akuchikazi akazi. Kuchotsa VNO akazi kumabweretsa chopinga kwambiri khalidwe akuchikazi. Pali chiphunzitso kuti matenda kugonana komanso mumapezeka amuna anzanga anthu akhoza kupanga zolephera mu mlingo wa mahomoni kugonana ndi mimba ya amayi. Kudera limeneli ntchito vomeronasal dongosolo olfactory akadali bwino anamvetsa ndi kumenya zambiri kutulukira.

Vomeronasal limba ndi kusankha bwenzi

Impact kudzera chikumbumtima limafotokoza kulephera kulamulira nsanje, chilakolako chisauko cha chikondi unrequited ndi chilakolako. khungu anthu, makamaka makutu nasolabial ndi m'khwapa - ndi pheromone fakitale. Pafupifupi odorless, koma iwo chimatanthauza maganizo mwa vomeronasal bwenzi pempho kugonana ndi kusankha amene ife mils, ndiponso amene alibe. Kuti kugonana pfungo ali ndi udindo chikondi pa kuwonana koyamba, kukhala enieni, fungo choyamba. Kuphunzira zotsatira za pfungo pa anthu anayamba ndi mma 1990, koma lero pali umboni weniweni wa udindo wawo ulili kugonana. Poyera pfungo kuti kuumba kudana kugonana kutseka abale ndi kupewa kugonana pachibale. Kuzindikiritsidwa pfungo, umene umabala ndi nipple mayi, ndi mwana amadziwa kumene mkaka ndi kaya ndi amayi. Pali pfungo kuti bata, kuchepetsa magazi ndi kuchepetsa mlingo mtima.

kalunzanitsidwe a moyo

Iwo experimentally watsimikizira, pamene akukhala mu dera limodzi kapena danga zochepa za akazi ochepa mwa iwo pali kalunzanitsidwe wa m'zinthu kusamba (prof. March McClintock, University of Chicago, 1970). Control wa kuzungulira ikuchitika mwa mahomoni angapo, zimene mbendera kupoletsa pfungo osiyana. Pang'onopang'ono, kusiyana tsiku la kuyamba kusamba pa akazi yafupika ndipo pamapeto, kubwera kwa m'zinthu za synchronicity. Zotsatira kusonyeza ndiponso zatsopano nyama.

kugonana chilinganizo

kuyesera wina imachitika asayansi Czech kutsogoleredwa ndi Jan Galvichekom. Pa mwezi, akazi sankaloledwa ntchito perefyumu, ndi mkhwapa ndi chobvalidwa ziyangoyango. ziyangoyango awa akhala anafunsa kuti ayese anthu ndi kusankha okongola kwambiri a iwo. Malinga ndi zotsatira za otchuka anali fungo la akazi amene anali mu ndondomeko yolowera ovulation, kuti ali mu mkhalidwe wokonzeka pakati. Chimene adachipasula kale ikuonetsa nzeru za chilengedwe gulu la moyo padziko lapansi.

"The fungo chilakolako"

Asayansi sitileka kufunafuna pophika chinsinsi chimene kungathandize bwanji mtima wa okondedwa ndi akasamuka chibwenzi. Mafuta ndi pfungo n'zosadabwitsa. A zambiri makampani ndi mabungwe kulengeza malonda awo monga munali pfungo ndipo ali chuma cha chokopa mwamuna kapena mkazi. Chinsinsi cha ulimi ndi zikuchokera zonunkhira zimasungidwa mu chikhulupiriro lotsatira. Ndipo inu simungakhoze kukhulupirira mu efficacy wa pheromone kupanga, koma mfundo zikuyendera.

Zikutanthauza kuti chikondi

Zotsatira za mahomoni kupanga anasonyeza pulofesa wa za maganizo kuyesera Mfundo McCoy ya University of San Francisco. Mayeso chida zidzapangitsa moyo chikondi, anapereka oimira 30 akazi okongola mu m'badwo kwa zaka 19 mpaka 48. Daily kuyezetsa ndi ulamuliro (ntchito placebo) gulu anawonjezera kuti mafutawo dropwise awo chifukwa mankhwala. Atatu m'zinthu kusamba mwachidule chifukwa. 74% ya ophunzira amene ntchito pfungo kupanga, kugonana chinawonjezeka, pamene gulu kulamulira, zimakwana anali 24%.

Koma pfungo kupanga chabe chophimba zosakhalitsa umene zomwenso wathu wabisika. Ngakhale mu mayesero ndi nyama kugonana uka osati kupopera pfungo, koma pamaso pa anthu a atsikana. Komanso, "mphamvu yachisanu ndi chimodzi" chifukwa ndi chimodzi, kuti timadalira posankha naye, si iye yekha komanso pa onse maganizo athu asanu. Yang'anani kwa naye ntchito pfungo kupanga kapena kudalira pa mfundo alipo - inu kusankha.