Kodi nyumbayi ndi yotani? Ntchito ya usilikali "Citadel".

Kodi nyumbayi ndi yotani? Kodi zimasiyana bwanji ndi linga kapena nsanja? Kodi ndi liti pamene ntchito ya usilikali inali "Citadel" ndi ndani? Mafunso onsewa angapezeke m'nkhani yathu.

Mbiri Yachidule Yokonzedwa

Anthu anayamba kuteteza nyumba zawo, midzi kuyambira kale. Chigawo choyamba chachitsulo chikhoza kuonedwa ngati mapiri - malo ozungulira a nthaka, omwe amamangidwa pakhomo. Pambuyo pake anazunguliridwa ndi matabwa a matabwa, ngakhale pambuyo pake - makoma a miyala ndi nsanja zokhala ndi zitsulo.

M'zaka zamkatikati, nyumba zazikulu zimayamba kumangidwa, ndi makoma amphamvu ndi amphamvu, malo osungirako zinthu, zigawo zam'madzi, ndi madontho odzaza madzi. Kodi nyumbayi ndi yotani? Kodi zinadza liti? Tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsa nkhaniyi.

Mzinda wa nsanja: ndi chiyani?

Nkhondo zoyambirirazo zinayambira m'midzi ya ku India. Zida zamphamvu izi sizinateteze anthu okha, komanso zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ndi mphamvu za boma.

Kuti tiyankhe funsolo, citadel ndi chiyani, munthu ayenera kutembenukira ku etymology ya lingaliro ili. Potembenuza kuchokera ku chinenero cha Chiitaliya, "nyumba yachinyumba" (cittadella) ndi tawuni kapena midzi yaing'ono. Zoona, palinso mtundu wina wa chiyambi cha mawuwo. Akatswiri ena amayerekezera mawuwa ndi liwu lachilatini lakuti "civis", lomwe limamasuliridwa kuti "nzika".

Kuchokera kumalo opangira zomangamanga, malo otetezedwa amatchedwa malo olimbitsa mpanda wotetezera mzindawo, kapena mkati, malo odalirika kwambiri a nyumbayi, momwe anthu amatha kubisala povutitsa kwambiri. Nkhanda, monga lamulo, ikhoza kuteteza asilikali a adani okhaokha.

Mbali yaikulu ya nyumbayi ndikuti imakhala malo otsiriza potetezera mzinda, pamene zinthu zina zonse ndi zida zotetezera zatha kale. Citadels ayenera kukhala ndi malo okwanira kuti asamangokhala kampanda wa asilikali, komanso zofunikira (katundu, zida ndi zida).

Liwu loti "citadel" ndilo mawu omanga "bonfire". Dzina limeneli likhoza kupezeka m'mabuku a ku Russia a zaka za XIV-XVI. Mawu omwe mwachiwonekere amachokera ku liwu lakuti "castrum" - "castle".

Nchiyani chimapangitsa nyumbayi kukhala yosiyana ndi nsanja?

Pakati pa asayansi ndi ochita kafukufuku, palibe njira imodzi yokha komanso yovomerezeka yomwe ikukhudzana ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapangidwanso.

Nkhono (kapena nsanja) ndi dzina lodziwika la dongosolo lonse la mipanda lomwe linapangidwa kuzungulira mzinda, mudzi kapena nyumba yachifumu ya mfumu yamtendere. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nyumbayi ndi gawo chabe, gawo losiyana la dongosolo lozitetezera.

Kotero, ngati gulu lakumidzi likumvetsa malo oyamba otetezeka a nkhono iliyonse, ndiye kampu ndi malo otsiriza a chitetezo chake. Pochitika kuti mzinda wokhala ndi mpanda ndi zinyumba zakunja zinagwidwa ndi mdani, asilikaliwo akhoza kupitiriza kuteteza mzindawo.

Ndondomeko ya Citadel ndi yotani?

July 5, 1943 adayambitsa gulu lamphamvu loopsa la Wehrmacht pa malo a asilikali a Soviet ku Kursk Bridge Bridge. Ntchito ya usilikaliyi inatchulidwa m'mbiri - ndondomeko ya "Citadel".

Ntchito ya likulu la ku Germany inali kupititsa patsogolo kuzungulira kwa mphamvu za adani ndi kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi. Komabe, lamulo la Red Army linatha kupanga bungwe lodziwika bwino komanso lopambana. Ndipo, patadutsa masiku asanu ndi limodzi chiyambi cha opaleshoniyi, mkhalidwe wa ku Germany unali wokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Chotsatira cha "Citadel" chovutitsa ntchito chinali kuthetsa kwathunthu kwa asilikali a Hitler.

Pomaliza ...

Tsopano inu mukudziwa chomwe nyumbayi ili, ndi momwe izo zimasiyanirana ndi zinthu zina zokhutira. Iyi ndiyo gawo lodalirika kwambiri la malowa, lomwe limakhala pothawirapo poteteza mzindawo.