"Red Army kagulu kamene": kufotokoza, mbiri ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

"Red Army kagulu kamene" Ndi mmodzi wa odziwika bwino kwambiri magulu lamanzere phiko la theka lachiwiri la zana la 20. ntchito zake ndi zina maganizo mu German ndi anthu padziko lonse. gulu opareshoni mu dera la Republic of Germany Federal ndi anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha zochita zake kufika anachita m'dzina la zisinthe ndi kulimbana ndi dongosolo capitalist. Malingaliro ndi mafano a RAF (chidule izi amapezeka magwero Chirasha gulu German wotchedwa amalinena Armee Fraktion) Nthawi zambiri kuuzira leftists achinyamata masiku ano.

Maziko a THE

"Red Army kagulu kamene" mwalamulo anaonekera mu 1968. Komabe, bungwe la gulu zinachitika kale kwambiri. Pambuyo nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Germany lidagawikana. Kumadzulo anali kulamulidwa ndi asilikali American ndi British. Mu m'dera limeneli, capitalist Republic of Germany Federal anakhazikitsidwa. boma linali mukudalira lalikulu la US. Mu 1960 pa mbadwo watsopano umene ine sindikukumbukira wa Nazi. Iwo ali mu njira zawo kumasulira zochitika za theka zoyambirira za m'ma 20, ndipo chifukwa cha kupangidwa kusiyana achinyamata ndi anthu achikulire. Mwa luntha kuti kwambiri otchuka leftist malingaliro. Pang'onopang'ono ndinayamba kukula mkwiyo pa boma ndi United States of America, amene kunathandiza kwambiri pa moyo ndiponso ndale za Germany.

US utsamunda

Pambuyo nkhondo US la Vietnam kusakhutira kunandithandiza. Ku Ulaya, ndi funde la zionetsero odana American. Makamaka izi zinali kusonyeza wophunzirayo. Pa dera la Republic of Germany Federal pali mabungwe mwamwayi, zimenenso zimatsutsana ouma ku boma panopa. Chifukwa cha kuthamanga ndi kupondereza anthu, mabungwe onsewa si nkhani kwa nyumba yamalamulo. Mu zoyambirira za 60s magulu wophunzira bungwe misonkhano yosiyanasiyana ndi zionetsero, yonse ndi yamtendere. mamembala Tsogolo la RAF zachangu ndale. Koma zoyesayesa zonse kulenga dongosolo bungwe si korona bwino. Chitsutso lagawidwa mayanjano ang'onoang'ono osiyana kuti ali makamaka zikugwira mikangano maganizo.

gulu

"Red Army kagulu kamene" sanali kwambiri mphamvu yandale kapena dongosolo yaikulu. ophunzira ake yogwira ankadziwana wina ndi mzake ndipo anali mobisa kwambiri. Pa moyo wa gulu kunalibe anthu oposa zana kuchokera kalembera chimapangitsa. Komabe, RAF anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi ena kwakukulu lamanzere mapiko ndi chikominisi mabungwe ku Germany ndi mayiko ena. "Red Army kagulu kamene" ndi "Red Brigades" Nthawi zambiri bungwe olowa mwachindunji ndi anathandiza mzake.

Pa muzu wa RAF anali Andreas Baader. Iye anabadwa mu banja la mbiri yakale komanso ophunzira agogo. Chikadzangotha maphunziro, adatola ndi ntchito yogwira chikhalidwe. Mwayesapo kutsegula malo ogona ana osowa pokhala, anachita nawo mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi zitsanzo. Pambuyo kudziwa bwino Gudrun Ensslin kuyamba kumenyana ndi bourgeoisie ndi boma la Germany. Komanso monga mtsogoleri angatchedwe Ulriku Maynhof. Nkhani yake ndi ofanana kwambiri kwa biographies wa mamembala ena otchuka wa RAF. Ulrika oyambirira anakhalabe opanda makolo. Ndinabadwa ndi achibale. Pa yunivesite iye anaphunzira mbalume Chaanthu. Ndiye iye ntchito mu mabuku osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale pa phunzirolo anakumana ndi Spanish kwakukulu kumanzere. Iye analemba mabuku angapo otchuka mu sayansi zandale komanso nzeru. Pamodzi ndi Baader ndi Ensslin Ulrike nawo kuyatsa golosale, lomwe linali poyambira. Ndi chifukwa amagulako phulusa Frankfurt panali "Red Army kagulu kamene".

escalation

Ndi 1968, a RAF atalenga kale ena kucheza. Pamodzi ndi anthu ena lamanzere mapiko, iwo ankachita yomwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo tinayamba amakambirana zokhuza kuthekera nkhanza adani ake. Choncho, kuchokera maloto aang'ono, achinyamata inasanduka zigawenga kudzikonda amene ali okonzekera chilichonse. Munasintha mu malingaliro a "Red Army kagulu kamene" tinganene kuti chionetsero mu 1967. Pa June 2, Federal Republic of Germany anadza Shah Irana Mohammed Pahlavi. Ndiye, zikwi za anthu anatuluka zionetsero potsutsana wopondereza Muslim. An wanthuwo adayamba sagwirizana ndi apolisi zinachititsa kuti wapolisi wina anawomberedwa pa wophunzira Benno Ohnesorg. Kenako boma wamng'ono anazindikira kuti dongosolo sadzalola zosavuta kufalitsa malingaliro awo.

anachita kuwotcha dala

Patapita chaka chimodzi, anthu angapo a RAF anatentha amagulako lalikulu mu mzinda wa Frankfurt. Malinga ndi instigators cha zimenezi zinali kukumbutsa anthu European chakuti pali mayiko ena kumene anthu akuvutika chifukwa nkhondo zomenyedwa ndi imperialists lapansi. Moto limaimira napalm, amene mphamvu US waponya pa midzi Vietnamese, moto iwo pansi. ophunzira onse anachita kuwotcha dala anamangidwa masiku angapo. Iwo anali m'ndende zaka zitatu chiganizo ake kumudzi. Komabe, zimenezi wachititsa kusakhutira pa anthu West Germany. The zionetsero yokakamiza boma kuti litulutse anthu onse a RAF pa belo.

mwachindunji

masiku asanu ndi anayi pambuyo kuyaka kwa mmodzi wa mamembala a gulu mpaka pomwe wopanga chiwembucho wophunzira-zokomera Rudi Dutschke. Pambuyo pofuna atsogoleri RAF kusankha ayambe ndi kanthu kwakukulu kwambiri. Iwo sali mu khoti ndipo tibiseni kuboma. Komabe, mu 1970, chaka Baader anamangidwa. Ulrike Meinhof waganiza kuti achite dongosolo kufika kuti amasule mnzake awo. Kukhala Mtolankhani wina wodziwika kwambiri, mayiyo kwenikweni agogoda yekha chilolezo akamakambirana ndi Andreas. Akulankhulira kwa Institute of Sociology. Pamsonkhanowo, Ulrike anatenga mfuti ndi amene anavulazidwa alonda ndi kuyamba kuthamanga ndi Baader.

Pomwepo yotentha iye akutumiza RAF Ndondomeko ya m'magazini a German. Okha mamembala mukukhulupirira kuthawa Andreas chiyambi cha ntchito zake. Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "khamu wofiira" kagulu kamene akufotokoza mmene kutchula Russian asilikali chosintha mu 1918. Kwa maziko a njira ya akumenyana ndi boma kutenga zinachitikira opandukawo Latin ndi zigawenga m'tauni.

guerilla nkhondo

Mu zaka zoyambirira pambuyo kupulumuka kwa mamembala Baader RAF anayamba kukonzekera zigawenga nkhondo. Iwo anaukira wokhometsa galimoto ndi mabanki achifwamba. Komanso mu Berlin, ndi funde la umbava zolembedwa wachinsinsi. Gulu wakhazikitsa chidwi kwambiri mobisa maukonde. Pali mbali zambiri za German "Red Army", ndi kagulu kamene wapitiriza kufalikira, ndi zipangizo malonda. Boma bwinobwino anayamba kwakukulu, kulengeza iwo mu mndandanda linkafuna.

Mu 1972, anali woyamba kuukira lalikulu zigawenga. Kumanzere-phiko omenyana ankachitika mndandanda wa mabomba kudutsa Germany. The zinthu kuukira akhala kukhazikitsidwa kwa utumwi zamtendere ndi zina za United States of America. Chifukwa cha zochita RAF anthu 4 anaphedwa ndi khumi angapo anavulala.

The adani a atsogoleri

M'chaka cha 1972 anthu onse otchuka wa RAF anamangidwa. Pa gulu la "Red Army kagulu kamene" ndiye analemba dziko atolankhani. Kuteteza akaidi kubwera kwa achilamulo odziwika. Leftists padziko lonse unachitikira zionetsero. Wotchuka French nzeru zapamwamba Jean Pol Sartr panokha anapita Germany ndipo anakumana ndi akaidi Baader. Chifanizo cha ofera alemba ntchito mbali atsopano otchedwa "m'badwo wachiwiri wa RAF". Anapanga mndandanda umbanda ndi akapolo kutenga kuti akakhale ku boma la German amasulidwe zigawenga.

Mmodzi wa milandu wotchuka angathe kuonedwa ngati kulanda za ndege kampani "Lufthansa" a Popular Front yomasulira Palestine. Komabe, atsogoleri onse a RAF anali m'ndende kwa moyo. Mu 1976-1977, onse a iwo anafa mu ndende m'mikhalidwe Muzisamala Shtamhaym. Malinga ndi maulamuliro, chifukwa cha imfa kunali kudzipha losonkhanitsidwa. Komabe, Baibulo silikunena alibe kudziwa, makamaka anapatsidwa azikhala zili ndi kuvuta kudzipha zigawenga mu chipinda chayekha.

yanyumba

Atamwalira Baader, Meinhof ndi anthu ena RAF, gulu la otsatira. Kwa zaka zoposa makumi awiri, iwo apanga kuukira molimba mtima pa akuluakulu lolemekezeka ndi mabungwe akuluakulu. Mu 1998, iye unatha "Red Army kagulu kamene". Sungunulani ayesedwa mamembala a otchedwa "m'badwo wachinayi." chifukwa iwo analozera utsiru wa nkhondo zambiri, ndi kuthamanga kwa makina kuonetsa ya boma.

Komabe, sing'anga wa anzeru kumanzere, pali mbali zambiri za RAF lero. Mu mitima ya boma wamng'ono akali ndi moyo, "Red Army kagulu kamene". Mbiri ya gulu Anakhalanso maziko mafilimu ambiri ndiponso nyimbo.