Misa kusankha mu kuswana chomera: Zitsanzo

Kuswana ndi sayansi kuti amasonyeza mitundu yatsopano ya zomera, nyama, tizilombo miyala. Muyezo waukulu kusankha zinthu watsopano ndi wabwino ndi munthu ndi misa kusankha ngati njira yosankhira.

Kawirikawiri kuswana ankaweruza kusinthanitsidwa ndipo masinthidwe a majini kholo Mwachitsanzo kenako anachita kusankha yokumba. Mitundu yonse yatsopano, mitundu, tizilombo ta, zopangidwa, ndi zina morphological ndi thupi katundu. Mtundu uliwonse kusinthidwa kwa mabacteria makamaka nyengo. zinthu zonse zatsopano anachokera kufufuzidwa, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina pa okwerera wapadera.

Misa mbewu kusankha njira

A kusankha lalikulu kuswana mitundu yatsopano ya zomera kumafuna kubereketsa zomera lalikulu ndithu la zomera. Nthawi zambiri, njira imeneyi ntchito mu kuswana mitundu yatsopano ya rye, chimanga, mpendadzuwa, tirigu. Pa screenings mbewu izi, mitundu latsopano linapangidwa oimira mtundu heterozygous ndipo ndi genotype wapadera.

A kusankha lalikulu kuswana amapereka mitundu yatsopano ndi makhalidwe bwino. Komabe, njira imeneyi akuti ndi osakhazikika chifukwa Mwina mkulu wa kupeza posakonzekera mtanda umuna (tizilombo, mbalame).

Misa kusankha zomera - tanthauzo la gulu la zomera toyesa, ofanana ndi mnzake monga muyezo anakhazikitsa. Chitsanzo ndi njira kuswana mbadwo watsopano wa zakudya zachimanga. Nthawi zambiri, ulimi wa mitundu kuswana-misa njira kumafuna seeding ambiri makope ndi kuwunika zina za chitukuko ndi kukula, matenda kukana, tizilombo. Komanso ayesedwa mlingo wa amafuna precocity, nyengo, zokolola. Pamene kuswana mitundu yatsopano ya rye obereketsa anasankha okhawo toyesa ya zomera zimene zinali zambiri zosagwira zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi makutu lalikulu ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mbewu. Pamene reseeding nkhani chifukwa kamodzinso amasankha mitundu okha amene anasonyeza mbali yabwino. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi ife zosiyanasiyana yatsopano, ndi chibadwa ofanana. Izi ndi kusankha chachikulu. Zitsanzo rye kuswana amasonyeza bwanji kusankha ikuchitika zomera.

Misa kusankha zambiri ubwino, lomwe ndicho kuphweka, mtengo-mogwira mtima ndi luso mofulumira kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya zomera. The kuipa monga kulephera kupeza ziyenera mwatsatanetsatane za mbewu.

Mphamvu ya kusankha misa

Pamene ntchito kudziletsa mungu ndi mtanda mungu ntchito kusankha misa monga njira kusankha. nchito zake zimadalira jini, chibadwa, chitsanzo phindu anasankha.

Ngati majini ndi udindo zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro kulimbikira chifukwa cha wosankhidwa adzakhala mkulu.

Pamene kulowa zomera zofunika makhalidwe kusankha ndi kutsazikana, kalasi akapatsidwa dzina. Mu nkhani ya ntchito osauka ntchito pa kusankha. Chimakhala bola obereketsa simukhala zotsatira zonse analakalaka mawu a zipatso, zipatso kukula, kukana kuti zinthu zoipa, tizirombo, matenda. Ndi kusankha chachikulu cha mbeu kale anasankha zina isiyana kenako, anatengedwa kuchokera kwa makolo awo ndi ntchito osauka.

Pakuti bwino kuswana mtengo zofunika nyemba. Ngati nkhaniyo akutengedwa ndi mitengo otsika, ndiye mbewu angasonyeze inbreeding maganizo zinachititsa kuti zokolola yafupika.

Misa kusankha ndi zothandiza kwambiri ngati pamodzi ndi njira zina kusankha. Nthawi zambiri ntchito molumikizana ndi mwakusakaniza, zomera polyploid ndi kuswana.

mwakusakaniza

Zophatikiza - ichi mbadwo mmera umene chawonjezeka mphika moyo ndi zokolola apamwamba poyerekeza ndi mitundu kholo. Anapitiriza ntchito mbewu hybrids majini makolo chibadidwe anawonongedwa.

polyploid kusankha

polyploidy njira imakhudzanso wosakanizidwa. Polenga mitundu yatsopano, obereketsa ntchito polyploidy, imbaenda ndi kuwonjezeka mu kukula khungu ndi mbewu chulutsa DNA.

A ambiri asakhale ndi vutoli ndi kumawonjezera kulimbikira kwa zomera matenda osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana chokhwima. Ngati kuwonongeka DNA zomera ena angapo kukhala sichinasinthe. zomera zonse analandira polyploid kusankha njira ndi viability kwambiri.

Zitsanzo misa kusankha

Zitsanzo za yokonza chosakanizika ndi kusankha misa ndi triticale. zomera ndi akamagwira kudutsa tirigu ndi rye. Kalasi watsopano mkulu chisanu kukana, ruggedness, ndi kukana kuti matenda ambiri.

Russian tirigu maphunziro ndi wheatgrass mitundu latsopano chomera zimapezeka ndi kukana mkulu kunyumba. Komabe, zomera woyamba sali oyenera yokonza chodzala zakuthupi, monga matupi athu awo amatha DNA osiyana sanapange nawo meiosis. Mu kuwonjezera maphunziro, izo akufuna pawiri topangira DNA ena. Zotsatira zake zinali ntchito amphidiploids.

Obereketsa mwakusakaniza chitachitidwa ndi radish kabichi. zomera ndi zofanana chiwerengero DNA. The chifukwa yamasika anali atanyamula 18 DNA, koma anali zaonongeka. Anasintha anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero DNA kwachititsa zomera yopanga ndi DNA 36 zipatso. Thupi chifukwa anali ndi zizindikiro za kabichi ndi radish.

Chitsanzo china ndi mwakusakaniza chimanga. Anakhala kholo la hybrids heterosis. Kololani index ndi chikhalidwe hybrid anali pamwamba sate pa zana, kuposa makolo awo.

Pomaliza

kuyeretsa Only zomera amasankhidwa pamene malire atsopano. Pa zatsopano anatsimikiza bwino kwambiri kuphatikiza hybrids. Zotsatira analembedwa ndi ntchito yopanga zina mbewu wosakanizidwa.

Kukula kwa mitundu yatsopano kuti ali yekha misa kusankha, kunapangitsa kuti alandire mitundu mkulu-ololera wa tirigu, mpunga, chimanga, rye. Zitsanzo za ntchito zimenezi ndi mitundu mwakuchita obereketsa Russian. Ndi mbewu "Saratov 29", "Saratov 36," "Bezostaya-1", "Aurora". Iwo kugonjetsedwa ndi malo ogona, pafupifupi kudwala, amatha kutulutsa yokolola azilandira zinthu aliyense nyengo.