Ukapolo - izo ... mbiri, mitundu ya ukapolo

Akukhulupirira kuti pafupifupi mwathunthu stamped kunja ukapolo padziko lathuli. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti si basi anapeza njira zina, nthawi zambiri wochenjera kwambiri. M'malo mwa wachilekaniro zogulitsa ndi kugonjera zaufulu za anthu wina ndi mzake, ndi maunyolo kukhala wosaoneka, ndipo suli mayunitsi chitsulo ndi makhalidwe chosaoneka ndi maso a idleness ndi chitonthozo. Modern ukapolo woposa wa wosazindikira kapena wakale, ndi ufulu Zatsala gawo la ochepa. Komabe, kuti amvetse chikhalidwe cha zodabwitsazi, m'pofunika wofufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, nkhani ya chiyambi ndi chifukwa.

Baibulo usanakhalepo

Chilakolako kugonjetsa ena chibadidwe umunthu. Mbiri ya ukapolo inayambira nthawi chiyambi ubale chikhalidwe, pamene, kuwonjezera pa nyumba mafuko, mitundu ina ya co-kukhalapo asanalandire. Komabe, gawo ntchito pa ntchito thupi ndi maganizo atayamba kale, ndi zovuta, tsopano, panali ochepa alenje. Choncho, choyamba mapangidwe chikhalidwe imatengedwa slaveholding, limene opaleshoni zinachitikadi ndi makalasi ulamuliro atamuopseza zachiwawa ndi osamvera. Labor zokolola anakula, anaonekera mankhwala ubweya, ndi chifukwa, panali mfundo chuma, ntchito osati kupanga ndi mankhwala zida, koma pa anthu. Mawonekedwe oyambirira ubale awa anali otchedwa ukapolo wa banjalo. Atatiopseza kulowa m'banja la anthu angapo watsopano amene analibe Komabe, mkulu amasankha ufulu, ndipo amachita mbali ya ntchito chonse chomwe chakudya ndi pogona.

zosowa zakale Baibulo

Kale Agiriki ndi Aroma limati ukapolo adamukhudza kufanana kwambiri. Ndi apa kuti pali njira ya kusintha mawonekedwe m'mudzi chakale, limene munthu amakhala chinthu abwino - malingana kufunika kwake - zogulitsa kapena kugula. Zonse zoletsedwa awa, limodzi ndi magazini ena malamulo, malamulo a Aroma. Ukapolo mtchatho za m'ma BC yachiwiri pafupifupi buku lonse Apennine Peninsula , ndi madera Greek ku Sicily. Ndipotu ina chidwi ndi mmene demokalase coexisted ndi chodabwitsa zoopsa. Motero malinga Plato, kutukuka kwambiri ndi moyo ndi demokalase chingapezeke ngati wina nzika silidzakhala osachepera atatu kapolo.

Ndiwo mphamvu zosadziwika ntchito panthawiyo anali ndi yokopa aukali magulu a asilikali achiroma. Ngati pankhondo zaka mazana V-IV. BC. e. Zinali pa gawo, kenako analanda II-I zaka kale ngati adani cholinga antchito ambiri angathe.

kugalukira

Monga mawonekedwe tingachipeze powerenga za ukapolo analiko zikhalidwe kupanga chofunika (monga kuyenera za makolo akale), cholinga chachikulu yokumba wakhala akupanga phindu. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kuchuluka Kukwanilitsa ndi maonekedwe a kuzisiya njira zake. Kuwonjezera njira tima kuchepetsa ndalama yokonza ndi kukula nkhanza, ndi kuchita zochuluka, ndi imathandizira kwambiri akapolo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pamapeto pake chakuti chiwerengero cha akapolo zafika pamlingo yapadera, ndipo kenako anayamba kung'anima kugalukira, odziwika kwambiri amene mukupita ku 74 BC. e. Spartacus.

Ukapolo ku East

Mu India, China ndi maiko ena amene mwachirengedwe ndi chikhalidwe zokhudzana Asia, ukapolo analipo nthawi ndi nthawi. Ukapolo wapereka njira feudalism, ndiye bizinesi mu dziko, ndi kum'mawa limati zikadali asangalala Komabe, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi asapita nascent ndi zatsopano ndi zachuma. Ndiwo ayambe misika kapolo, anali pamalo otayika amene analowa ngongole, ndi amene analibe njira zina kuthetsa ndi angongole, koma ntchito zawo zina analibe ngakhale ndi moyo ntchito ufulu. Nthawi imeneyi, ana komanso kuyembekezera ngozi cholowa ukapolo. Awa onse, zosemphana ndi malamulo a Chisilamu (kupatulapo zigawenga boma), koma akadali lofala. Mwalamulo ankaona umwini akaidi anagwidwa pa nkhondo ndi kuukira.

kusintha

Kwa zaka zambiri, pafupifupi dziko lonse panali anthu kapena mitundu ina ya ukapolo, koma m'mayiko ambiri pang'ono ndi pang'ono kulowa nkhondo ndi kupanga osauka msika (makamaka ulimi), napempha zolongosoka kwambiri. Kupanda njira kukondoweza zinachititsa ntchito osauka. Akapolo zambiri anathawa ambuye awo ngakhalenso nsembe iwo, zipolowe, ndi zambiri za iwo anakhala, zoopsa kwambiri kuti zidzakhala zotsatira za amawononga izi kasamalidwe yeniyeni anthu ogwira ntchito. Pang'onopang'ono m'mayiko European zokhudzana ndi akapolo anakhala ufulu wochulukirapo, amene, ndithudi, sanali kukusalani masuku pamutu, ankhanza, koma analimbikitsa kukhala osamala. Ndiyeno m'zaka XVI, Dziko Latsopano anatulukira.

Chiyambi cha ukapolo American

expanses lalikulu la America, kuchuluka kwa chonde ndi gwero kulemera madera kumene kulibe anthu ambiri kuti akhale ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano ena a slaveholding asapita, ankaoneka pang'onopang'ono anazimiririka. Amwenye anapereka colonizers (gawo loyamba makamaka Spanish ndi Chipwitikizi) wosimidwa kukana, zomwe zachititsa kuti loletsa achifumu malipiro anthu zakwawoko monga akapolo. Izi, pamodzi ndi kusowa ntchito, chimatipangitsa alimi amene kufalitsidwa ntchito pa nthaka American, zoitanitsa akapolo ku Africa. Tikumbukenso kuti Dziko Latsopano anapita ku malo oyamba anthu wofuna, osati adamuwumiriza ndi ena makhalidwe abwino. Ndi mtima wofuna olemera bwinobwino pamodzi kusafuna kugwira ntchito. Mu America mu mbiri yakale nthawi yochepa (za mazana aŵiri) wakhala kunja kwa akapolo miliyoni khumi African. Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX, m'mayiko ena a West Indies, iwo nkhani ambiri mitundu.

Panthawiyi ku Russia

Ukapolo ku Russia wotchedwa serfdom. Komanso kulimbikitsa mawonekedwe ubale chikhalidwe chimene anthu ali ndi chofunika ndipo imvera kugula, kugulitsa kapena kuwombola. Ambiri a eni, kenako anadziwika monga nzika kuchitira osawuka awo akukamba za mofanana wamba wamba ndi nyama zokoka, kuti si popanda nawo ena a chisamaliro ndi mogulitsa. The kuchotserapo anali milandu makamaka kwambiri zikuchitika, buku Mwachitsanzo umene unali Boyarynya Morozova, kulangidwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo chawo ndi malamulo a Russian Ufumu. Komabe, serfdom kuti pakati pa XIX atumwi, ali angaletsedwe chitukuko cha bizinesi, ndi wamba 1861 anapatsidwa ufulu, panali chiyembekezo chakuti malamulo a ukapolo. Kumasuka ndondomeko anayamba pang'onopang'ono kukumana kukana nzika zonse kuisamalira maudindo awo, ndi kale anali akapolo okha, mibadwo kuyamwa m'chamoyo palokha "mkate ufulu". Momwemonso kovuta kuti apite cha m'ma kukonza Stolypin, cholinga polenga zinthu kusintha kuchokera kwa anthu ammudzi ulimi kwa dongosolo payekha.

Mu US,

Kumayambiriro kwa XVIII ndi XIX zaka zambiri, panali Boom m'mafakitale North America. Kufunika kwa uphungu zaulimi (thonje nsalu, etc.) zikuchepa kuchuluka, kuti njira kwambiri paradoxical okwatira bizinesi yaukapolo, omwe anakhala pakati pa maiko akummwera. Koma pakapita nthawi, kutsutsana pakati awiri formations ngati osiyana siyana wafunsira kusagwirizana amphamvu mkati zomwe zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha Civil nkhondo pakati pa North mafakitale ndi mkulu wa mabishopu South. Izi wamagazi ndi fratricidal nkhondo kunachitika pansi pa kuyankhula za kulimbana kwa ufulu ndi fraternity, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi chitetezo cha makhalidwe ofunikawa - pa ena. Pambuyo chigonjetso cha northerners mu United States anali mwalamulo ananena chiyembekezo chakuti ukapolo, koma Senate ratification wa States angapo, ananena kuti anachedwa mpaka cha m'ma XX. Zokonza repeal tsankho zinachitika mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za zana. Ana a akapolo wakuda sankaloledwa kukhala pa benchi kwa woyera, kupita ku sukulu wosanganiza (imeneyi sanali), ndipo kupezekapo yemweyo malo onse. Ukapolo linathetsedwa mu Russia chaka chimodzi kale kuposa mu US. akapolo omasulidwa zambiri makhalidwe monga momwe wamba Russian amene analandira chifuniro. Kodi kuchita ndi ufulu, ambiri a iwo sitikudziwa.

Mbiri aposachedwapa a ukapolo

The funso liti chiyembekezo chakuti ukapolo m'dziko lina kapena wina, ngakhale kuphweka dzikoli likuonekera (zikuwoneka okwanira amatanthauza chikalata zogwirizana kapena malamulo), amafunika yankho mwatsatanetsatane. The "ŵakusanga" European mphamvu, amene anali ku madera m'ma makumi awiri, kulengeza mu mawu mfundo za demokalase, koma kupirira analibe ufulu zofunika boma ndi pamaso pa ukapolo. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Nazi ku Germany kunali ntchito linafalitsidwa kwambiri akaidi ntchito yaukapolo akaidi ndiponso nkhondo. akaidi Soviet pa mantha Stalinist ndi misa nawo kuthetsa mavuto dziko zachuma, ndi udindo wa alimi mosatsata mapasipoti awo, ngakhale, ndipo mwinamwake poyerekeza ndi udindo wa serfs yekha kutchula ubwino wake. Oukira Japanese anatembenuza anthu m'madera amatanganidwa akapolo. Antihuman ulamuliro wa Pol M'phika ku Cambodia ali anakwanitsa akapolo pafupifupi anthu onse popanda yekha. Zitsanzo, mwatsoka, ambiri a ...

mitundu Modern

Ndipo komabe, funso ngati, pamene ukapolo linathetsedwa pa mlingo lonse, lili ndi mayankho omveka. Bukuli lili pa formalization kwa bukuli. Izi zinachitika mu 1926 pamene kusaina m'Pangano ukapolo. Pangano, yolembedwa ndi oimira ambiri a mayiko, pali tanthauzo la malingaliro a "katundu ufulu, limodzi ndi kuopseza ndi ..." ndi zina zotero. N. Komabe, ambiri lerolino mawonekedwe chobisika, kuti anakumana ndi muyezo wa mawu, inu pitirizani padziko lapansili. Iwe sungakhoze kutsutsana kuti akuchuluka - M'malo mwake, iwo apatsidwa ziyenera kwambiri zoipa, koma masiku ano ukapolo alipo ndipo, nthawi zambiri, sadzakhala posachedwapa kutha. Ena mwa mitundu yake ndi zothandiza mwatsatanetsatane.

kabbalah

Chotero anaitana ngongole ukapolo zambiri. Mu malamulo ambiri boma kusamalira udindo kuphwanya mfundo za malipiro pa ngongole ndi Kuyamikira, kuphatikizapo anthu payekha, koma mawu alipire Nthawi zambiri zosayenera kwa wobwereka hapless. Iye akumufunsira ntchito ngongole ndi chifukwa angathe yozungulira wantchito, anakankha moyo wanu wonse kuchita zauve ndi katundu ntchito yake "mbuye". Pofuna ndi zosatheka maudindo mtumiki Pankhaniyi atengedwa mwaufulu.

Moumiriza kukakamizidwa kuti ntchito

chikumveka zochitika mu ukapolo akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri. Anthu ena amagwa ukapolo pa nkhondoyo, monga asilikali kapena anthu wamba. Mu zigawo, ulamuliro umene oimira mabungwe omenyera ufulu wa anthu ndi zovuta kapena zosatheka, chimachitika mwatsoka zambiri. ILO (International Labor Organization) lili ndi mfundo zochepa pa utithandize gawo la ntchito yokakamiza m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, suona ndi maudindo dziko zowerengera ndi zina mwadala obisika.

yokumba Chiwawa kugonana

Ndi mawonekedwe mphamvu kotheratu pa munthu mmodzi pa mzake, wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a kulenga zinthu wosimidwa. Kugonja amenewa ndi ambiri makonzedwe a kumagonana oletsedwa pamene uhule amakakamizidwa ikuchitika mwa kuyamwa zikalata (makamaka m'dziko lachilendo), kuopseza zachiwawa, kumezanitsa bongo ndi njira zina wodyerana. Makamaka kwambiri mulandu uwu ankaona kuti mu dziko, ngati amakhala ana. A mbali yofunika kwambiri kukakamiza (makamaka m'mayiko zosowa) ali kusewera njira maganizo a kuthamanga, monga "lonjezo la chete" ndipo ntchito miyambo wapadera cholinga kupondereza chifuniro cha kukana.