Boyarynya Morozova ndi munthu wodabwitsa. Nkhani ya moyo wa Boyarina Morozova

Boyarina Morozova ndi mmodzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino a Chirasha omwe anasiya chizindikiro m'mbiri yawo. Mkazi uyu adakhala ngati wopanda mantha ndi wopanikizana, uyu ndi womenya nkhondo weniweni pa mfundo zake ndi zolinga zake. Mkhalidwe wa boyaryn ndi wosayenerera, kwa ena iye ndi wokhutira wamba, wokonzeka kupita ku imfa, ngati iye sasiya kudzikhulupirira kwake, mwa ena, amachititsa ulemu kukhazikika kwake ndi kukhulupirika kwa chikhulupiriro chovomerezeka. Komabe, ndi munthu wodabwitsa, ndipo chifukwa cha chithunzi cha Surikov, zoposa mibadwo imodzi zidzakumbukiridwa za mbiri ya Morozov.

The Origin of Boyarina Morozova

Feodosiya Prokopievna anabadwa pa 21 Meyi 1632 ku Moscow, bambo ake - Sokovnin Prokopy Fedorovich - anali okolnichym, anali pachibwenzi ndi mkazi woyamba wa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Maria Ilinichnaya. Boyarynya wam'mbuyo anali mmodzi wa mabwana omwe anatsagana ndi mfumukaziyi. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri, Theodosius anakwatiwa ndi Morozov Gleb Ivanovich. Mwamunayo adali woimira banja lolemekezeka, adali wachibale wa a Romanovs, anali ndi malo okongola a Zyuzino pafupi ndi Moscow, anali amalume ake a zarevich ndipo anali ngati chikwama chogona. Mbale wa Gleb, Boris Ivanovich, anali wolemera kwambiri. Anamwalira mu 1662, ndipo popeza analibe ana ake, zonse zidaperekedwa kwa wachibale wake.

Chuma ndi Mphamvu ya Boyaryn

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Gleb Ivanovich, mkhalidwe wa abale onsewo umapita kwa anyamata a Ivan Glebovich, mwana wa Gleb ndi Theodosia, ndipo amayi ake amakhala mtsogoleri weniweni wa chuma. Nkhani ya moyo wa Boyarina Morozova ndi yokondweretsa, chifukwa mkazi uyu anali ndi malingaliro ake pa moyo. Feodosia Prokopievna adatenga malo ammwambamwamba, adali ndi mphamvu yaikulu, anali pafupi ndi tsar. Chuma chake chikanangokhalira kuchitidwa nsanje: wolemekezekayo anali ndi malo angapo, koma adakhazikika m'mudzi wa Zyuzino, komwe adakhazikitsa nyumba yake kumadzulo. Pa nthawi imeneyo inali nyumba yabwino kwambiri.

Boyarina Morozova adasankhidwa ndi zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu (! Feodosia anali ndi chikwama chokongoletsedwa ndi siliva ndi zojambulajambula, nthawi zambiri ankayenda, kumanga mahatchi asanu ndi limodzi kapena khumi ndi awiri ndi makina ophwanyika kumalo ake. Paulendowu mnyamatayu anali limodzi ndi akapolo pafupifupi 100 ndi akapolo, akumuteteza ku zigawenga. Pa nthawi imeneyo Morozova ankaganiziridwa kuti anali munthu wolemera kwambiri ku Moscow.

Kulimbikitsa Wokhulupirira Wachikhulupiriro Faith

Boyarinya Morozova anali wothandizira kwambiri chikhulupiriro chokalamba. Nthawi zonse ankakondweretsa osauka ndi opusa opusa. Kuwonjezera apo, mnyumba yake otsatira a Okhulupirira Kale nthawi zambiri anasonkhana kuti apemphere pazithunzi zakale za ku Russia za zikhulupiliro zakale. Mkazi amene analumikizana kwambiri ndi Avchum wamkulu, wolemba apolo wa chikhulupiriro chokalamba, sanazindikire kusintha kwa Mtumwi Nikon.

Ankavala malaya aubweya, choncho motere "chitonthozani thupi." Koma Habakuku adakhumudwa ndi Morozova, adamuuza kuti atuluke maso ake, monga momwe adachitira Mastridia, kuti adziteteze ku mayesero achikondi. Komanso, archpriest adamudzudzula wolemekezeka m'mabungwe ochepa, chifukwa ali mu chikhalidwe chake akadapindula chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo omwe akusowa thandizo. Kuonjezera apo, Feodosia, ngakhale kuti anali wokhulupirika kwa chikhulupiriro chakale, anapita ku tchalitchi cha mwambo watsopano, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti asakhulupirire mbali ya Okhulupirira Akale.

Kusamvera Frosty

Mfumuyo idadziwa za zikhulupiliro za mnyamata wamtundu wapamwamba, ndipo sankakonda khalidweli konse. Feodosia ankapewa tchalitchi komanso zochitika zapadera, ngakhale kuti sanapite nawo ku ukwati wa Alexei Mikhailovich, akunena kuti akudwala kwambiri. A Tsarayesa anayesa njira zonse zothandizira wolemekezeka wolemekezeka, adamutumizira achibale ake, kuti akondweretse mkaziyo ndi kuwakakamiza kuti avomereze chikhulupiriro chatsopano, koma zonse zinali zopanda pake: Morozova anaima pa nthaka yake. Ndi ochepa chabe omwe adadziwika dzina la mnyamata Morozov atatha kukhala ndi okhulupirira akale. Mkaziyo analandira mwamseri ndipo analandira dzina latsopano - Theodora, akuwatsimikizira kuti iye anali wokhulupirika kwa chikhulupiriro chakale.

Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna kwa nthawi yayitali analetsa mkwiyo wa Tsar, ndipo udindo wapamwamba wa wolemekezekayo sunamulole kuti amulange mophweka, koma kuleza mtima kwa Alexei Mikhailovich kunali kutha. Madzulo a November 16, 1671, Archimandrite Joachim anadza ku Morozova ndi Duma dikoni Illarion. M'nyumbayo munali mlongo wa Princess Kirusova wa boyaryn. Pofuna kusonyeza ulemu wawo kwa alendo, Theodosius ndi Evdokia adagona ndikugona pansi poyankha mafunso a iwo omwe anabwera. Atafunsidwa, akaziwa adagwedezeka, akukhala panyumba. Patadutsa masiku awiri, Morozov ananyamula kupita ku Chudov, kenako kupita ku nyumba ya osungiramo a Pskov-Caves.

Atamangidwa m'ndende, mwana wake yekhayo Ivan anamwalira, abale awiri anatengedwa ukapolo, ndipo katundu yense anasamutsidwa kupita ku chuma cha tsarist. Morozov anali atasamalidwa mosamala, komabe analandira zovala ndi chakudya kuchokera kwa anthu omvera anthu ake, Avvakum yemwe anali wolemekezeka analembera makalata ake, ndipo mmodzi mwa ansembe a chikhulupiriro chakale anali atakhala ndi mkazi wosasangalala.

Kulanga kwa Tsar

Boyarynya Morozova, Mfumukazi Urusova ndi Maria Danilova (mkazi wa colonel Streltsy) anasamutsidwa kupita ku Yamskaya Yard kumapeto kwa 1674. Akazi ozunza anayesera kuwatsutsa kuti avomere chikhulupiriro chatsopano ndikusiya zikhulupiliro zawo, koma anali osagwedezeka. Anatsala pang'ono kuwotchedwa pamtengo, koma Tsarevna Irina Mikhailovna, mchemwali wa mfumu komanso womulankhulana. Alexei Mikhailovich analamula alongo Evdokia ndi Theodosius kutumizidwa ku nyumba ya amonke ya Pafnutyevo-Borovsk ndi kumangidwa m'ndende yadothi.

Kutha kwa anyamata

Mu June 1675, atumiki 14 a anyamatawa, omwe anathandizira chikhulupiriro chawo chakale, anatenthedwa m'nkhalango. Pa September 11, 1675, Mfumukazi Urusova anamwalira ndi njala, Morozova nayenso anawoneratu kutha kwake kwapafupi. Atangotsala pang'ono kumwalira, anapempha alonda kuti asambe malaya mumtsinje kuti afe mu zovala zoyera. Kuchokera pa kutopa kwathunthu, Theodosius anafa pa November 2, 1675.

Mutu wa chithunzi Surikov

Mu 1887, pambuyo pa 15 akuwonetserako Mitambo ya Tretyakov Gallery, chifukwa cha rubles 25,000, ntchito ya pepala wojambula bwino Boyaryna Morozova idagulidwa. Chithunzi cha Surikov ndi chinsalu chokhala ndi masentimita 304,55.5.5, chinali chojambulidwa ndi mafuta. Mpaka pano, ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri za nyumbayi. Kujambula Kuchokera kutali kumakopa chidwi cha owonerera, amakondwera ndi kuwala kwa mitundu, mphamvu yamoyo ya mafano ndi malo. Vasily Ivanovich anatenga chikhazikitso cha mutu wa tchalitchi cha 1700. Wojambulayo ankafuna kusonyeza moyo wovuta ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba cha anthu a ku Russia. Anatha kufotokoza zoopsa zonsezi: mkhalidwe wapamwamba amanyozedwa, kuponderezedwa, koma osasweka; Morozov adzafa, komabe amawoneka m'chigonjetso chogonjetsa.

Surikov ali ndi chidwi ndi tsogolo la Boyaryn

Zithunzi za mnyamataar Morozova chidwi ndi Vasily Ivanovich chifukwa chakuti iye mwini adachokera ku Siberia, ndipo pambuyo pa dera lonseli anali otchuka chifukwa cha chiwerengero chachikulu cha okhulupirira akale. Anthu a ku Siberia amachitira bwino chikhulupiriro chawo chakale, choncho m'dera lino, "miyoyo" yolembedwa, ya okhulupirira akale ofera chikhulupiriro, ozunzidwa ndi manja a oimira chikhulupiriro chatsopano, anafalitsidwa kwambiri. Malingana ndi mfundo zina, mulungu adayambitsa Surikova ku "Nkhani ya Boyaryna Morozova". Mwachiwonekere, wojambulayo anachita chidwi ndi chifuniro cha olemekezeka, choncho anaganiza kuti ayambitsenso kukumbukira kwake, akuwonetsera pazenera lalikulu nthawi yomwe Morozov amamangidwira kundende.

Zithunzi za anthu ofunika kwambiri a chithunzichi

Poyang'ana pa chinsalu chachikulu, Boyarina Morozova, choyambirira chimadziponyera yekha. Kulongosola kwa chithunzithunzi chikuwonetsa kuti wojambulayo adatsimikiziridwa kwa nthawi yayitali ndi zithunzi zojambula, adazijambula padera, ndikuzisonkhanitsa pamodzi. Avtopum ya Protopop inafotokoza Feodosia ngati mkazi woonda kwambiri yemwe ali ndi mphenzi, ndipo Surikov nthawi yaitali sankakhoza kupeza nkhope yotere - wotentheka, wopanda magazi, wotopa, koma wonyada ndi wosadziletsa. Pamapeto pake, adakopera Morozov ku Old Believers, omwe anakumana ndi Vasily Ivanovich pafupi ndi manda a Rogozhsky.

Munthu wosauka wa ku Moscow, yemwe amagulitsa nkhaka, anakhala fanizo la wopusa, koma chithunzi cha woyendayenda ndi wolemba mwiniyo. "Boyarina Morozova" ndi chithunzi chodzaza ndi "ma symphonies". Surikov anagwirizanitsa kwambiri kufunika kwa mithunzi, anawapangitsa kukhala owoneka mwachibadwa. Wojambulayo ankayang'ana chipale chofewa kwa nthawi yayitali, akuyendayenda, akuyang'ana mpweya wozizira. Ndichifukwa chake anthu ake akuwoneka ngati ali amoyo. Pofuna kuti chithunzichi chiziyenda, Surikov adathamangira mwanayo kumsasa.

Kufufuza kwa ntchito ya ojambula

Nkhani ya kujambula "Boyarina Morozova" sizodabwitsa, ngati ntchitoyi inachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kutsutsana komanso kutsutsidwa kwambiri paulendo woyendayenda. Anthu ena monga ntchito ya Surikov, ena samatero, koma onse anavomera kuti ntchitoyi inali yopambana kwa iye. Otsutsa ena anayerekezera nsalu ndi makina okongola a ku Persia, chifukwa maonekedwe owala ndi maso openya, ophunzirira anakambirana zolakwika zosiyanasiyana pachithunzichi, monga malo olakwika a manja, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, otchuka kwambiri komanso osatsutsika pophunzira zojambulazo anali Zindikirani - izi ndizopadera.

Asanayambe Vasily Surikov palibe wojambula bwino kwambiri komanso wopanda tsankho amene sanatchule anthu omwe analipo kale ku Petrine. Pakatikati mwa chingwe - mkazi, wotumbululuka ndi wotopa ndi ululu wa uzimu, njala yakula kudya, atazungulira ndi anthu osasamala, amwano mu zovala zamoto, ruffles, ndi telology. Khamuli ligawidwa magawo awiri, wina amamvera chisoni ndi anyamata, wina - amanyodola mavuto ake. Surikov adakwanitsa kutsitsimutsa anthu ake. Wowonera, ataimirira pafupi ndi chinsalu, akumva mu gulu ili ndipo atasamutsidwa m'zaka mazana angapo zapitazo.

Vasily Ivanovich anafotokoza momveka bwino zomwe zinachitikazo m'mbiri ya Russia. Ntchito yake inalimbikitsa anthu kuti aphunzire za tsogolo la Boyarina Morozova, komanso kuganizira za ntchito yake. Winawake amadziwa kuti ndi wotentheka, wina amavomereza kusasamala ndi kukhulupirika kwake. Panthawi ya chithunzichi, anthu amayerekezera heroine ndi Narodniks ndi Stenka Razin. Izi zimangonena kuti "anyamata a Morozov" ali mu nthawi zonse, padzakhala nthawi zonse anthu omwe ali owona ku zikhulupiriro zawo.